newlib/winsup/utils/utils.sgml

<sect1 id="using-utils"><title>Cygwin Utilities</title>

<para>Cygwin comes with a number of command-line utilities that are
used to manage the UNIX emulation portion of the Cygwin environment.
While many of these reflect their UNIX counterparts, each was written
specifically for Cygwin.  You may use the long or short option names 
interchangeably; for example, <literal>--help</literal> and 
<literal>-h</literal> function identically.
</para>

<sect2 id="cygcheck"><title>cygcheck</title>

<screen>
Usage: cygcheck [OPTIONS] [program ...]
 -c, --check-setup  check packages installed via setup.exe
 -s, --sysinfo      system information (not with -k)
 -v, --verbose      verbose output (indented) (for -s or programs)
 -r, --registry     registry search (requires -s)
 -k, --keycheck     perform a keyboard check session (not with -s)
 -h, --help         give help about the info (not with -c)
 -V, --version      output version information and exit
You must at least give either -s or -k or a program name
</screen>

<para>The <command>cygcheck</command> program is a diagnostic utility
that examines your system and reports the information that is
significant to the proper operation of Cygwin programs.  It can give
information about specific programs or libraries you are trying to
run, general system information, or both.  If you list one or more
programs on the command line, it will diagnose the runtime environment
of that program or programs, providing the names of DLL files on which
the program depends.  If you specify the <literal>-s</literal>
option, it will give general system information.  If you specify
<literal>-s</literal> and list one or more programs on the command line,
it reports on both.</para>

<para>The <literal>-h</literal> option prints additional helpful
messages in the report, at the beginning of each section.  It also
adds table column headings.  While this is useful information, it also
adds some to the size of the report, so if you want a compact report
or if you know what everything is already, just leave this out.</para>

<para>The <literal>-v</literal> option causes the output to be more
verbose.  What this means is that additional information will be
reported which is usually not interesting, such as the internal
version numbers of DLLs, additional information about recursive DLL
usage, and if a file in one directory in the PATH also occurs in other
directories on the PATH.  </para>

<para>The <literal>-r</literal> option causes
<command>cygcheck</command> to search your registry for information
that is relevent to Cygwin programs.  These registry entries are the
ones that have "Cygwin" in the name.  If you are paranoid about
privacy, you may remove information from this report, but please keep
in mind that doing so makes it harder to diagnose your problems.</para>

<para>The <literal>-c</literal> option causes the arguments
to be interpreted as package names.  <command>cygcheck</command> will
report the current version of the package that you specify, or with no
arguments, on all packages.</para>

<para>The <command>cygcheck</command> program should be used to send
information about your system for troubleshooting when requested.  
When asked to run this command save the output so that you can email it,
for example:</para>

<screen>
<prompt>C:\cygwin&gt;</prompt> <userinput>cygcheck -s -v -r -h &gt; cygcheck_output.txt</userinput>
</screen>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="cygpath"><title>cygpath</title>

<screen>
Usage: cygpath (-d|-m|-u|-w|-t TYPE) [-c HANDLE] [-f FILE] [options] NAME
       cygpath [-ADHPSW] 
Output type options:
  -d, --dos             print DOS (short) form of NAME (C:\PROGRA~1\)
  -m, --mixed           like --windows, but with regular slashes (C:/WINNT)
  -u, --unix            (default) print Unix form of NAME (/cygdrive/c/winnt)
  -w, --windows         print Windows form of NAME (C:\WINNT)
  -t, --type TYPE       print TYPE form: 'dos', 'mixed', 'unix', or 'windows'
Path conversion options:
  -a, --absolute        output absolute path
  -l, --long-name       print Windows long form of NAME (with -w, -m only)
  -p, --path            NAME is a PATH list (i.e., '/bin:/usr/bin')
  -s, --short-name      print DOS (short) form of NAME (with -w, -m only)
System information:
  -A, --allusers        use `All Users' instead of current user for -D, -P
  -D, --desktop         output `Desktop' directory and exit
  -H, --homeroot        output `Profiles' directory (home root) and exit
  -P, --smprograms      output Start Menu `Programs' directory and exit
  -S, --sysdir          output system directory and exit
  -W, --windir          output `Windows' directory and exit
</screen>

<para>The <command>cygpath</command> program is a utility that
converts Windows native filenames to Cygwin POSIX-style pathnames and
vice versa.  It can be used when a Cygwin program needs to pass a file 
name to a native Windows program, or expects to get a file name from a
native Windows program.  Alternatively, <command>cygpath</command> can 
output information about the location of important system directories 
in either format.  
</para>

<para>The <literal>-u</literal> and <literal>-w</literal> options
indicate whether you want a conversion to UNIX (POSIX) format 
(<literal>-u</literal>) or to Windows format (<literal>-w</literal>).  
Use the <literal>-d</literal> to get DOS-style (8.3) file and path names.
The <literal>-m</literal> option will output Windows-style format
but with forward slashes instead of backslashes.  This option is 
especially useful in shell scripts, which use backslashes as an escape 
character.

<para> In combination with the <literal>-w</literal> option, you can use
the <literal>-l</literal> and <literal>-s</literal> options to use normal
(long) or DOS-style (short) form. The <literal>-d</literal> option is 
identical to <literal>-w</literal> and <literal>-s</literal> together.
</para>

<para>Caveat: The <literal>-l</literal> option does not work if the
<emphasis>check_case</emphasis> parameter of <emphasis>CYGWIN</emphasis> 
is set to <emphasis>strict</emphasis>, since Cygwin is not able to match 
any Windows short path in this mode.
</para>

<para>The <literal>-p</literal> option means that you want to convert
a path-style string rather than a single filename.  For example, the
PATH environment variable is semicolon-delimited in Windows, but
colon-delimited in UNIX.  By giving <literal>-p</literal> you are
instructing <command>cygpath</command> to convert between these
formats.</para>

<para>The <literal>-i</literal> option supresses the print out of the
usage message if no filename argument was given.  It can be used in
make file rules converting variables that may be omitted
to a proper format.  Note that <command>cygpath</command> output may 
contain spaces (C:\Program Files) so should be enclosed in quotes.
</para>


<example><title>Example cygpath usage</title>
<screen>
#!/bin/sh
if [ "${1}" = "" ];
	then
		XPATH=".";
	else
		XPATH="$(cygpath -w "${1}")";
	fi
	explorer $XPATH &
</screen>
</example>

<para>The capital options 
<literal>-D</literal>, <literal>-H</literal>, <literal>-P</literal>, 
<literal>-S</literal>, and <literal>-W</literal> output directories used 
by Windows that are not the same on all systems, for example 
<literal>-S</literal> might output C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32 or C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM. 
The <literal>-H</literal> shows the Windows profiles directory that can 
be used as root of home.  The <literal>-A</literal> option forces use of 
the "All Users" directories instead of the current user for the 
<literal>-D</literal> and <literal>-P</literal> options. 
On Win9x systems with only a single user, <literal>-A</literal> has no
effect; <literal>-D</literal> and <literal>-AD</literal> would have the
same output.  By default the output is in UNIX (POSIX) format; 
use the <literal>-w</literal> or <literal>-d</literal> options to get
other formats.

</sect2>

<sect2 id="dumper"><title>dumper</title>

<screen>
Usage: dumper [OPTION] FILENAME WIN32PID
Dump core from WIN32PID to FILENAME.core
-d, --verbose  be verbose while dumping
-h, --help     output help information and exit
-q, --quiet    be quiet while dumping (default)
-v, --version  output version information and exit
</screen>

<para>The <command>dumper</command> utility can be used to create a
core dump of running Windows process. This core dump can be later loaded
to <command>gdb</command> and analyzed. One common way to use 
<command>dumper</command> is to plug it into cygwin's Just-In-Time 
debugging facility by adding

<screen>
error_start=x:\path\to\dumper.exe
</screen>

to the <emphasis>CYGWIN</emphasis> environment variable. Please note that
<literal>x:\path\to\dumper.exe</literal> is Windows-style and not cygwin
path. If <literal>error_start</literal> is set this way, then dumper will
be started whenever some program encounters a fatal error.
</para>

<para>
<command>dumper</command> can be also be started from the command line to 
create a core dump of any running process. Unfortunately, because of a Windows 
API limitation, when a core dump is created and <command>dumper</command> 
exits, the target process is terminated too.
</para>

<para>
To save space in the core dump, <command>dumper</command> doesn't write those
portions of target process' memory space that are loaded from executable and
dll files and are unchangeable, such as program code and debug info. Instead,
<command>dumper</command> saves paths to files which contain that data. When a
core dump is loaded into gdb, it uses these paths to load appropriate files.
That means that if you create a core dump on one machine and try to debug it on
another, you'll need to place identical copies of the executable and dlls in 
the same directories as on the machine where the core dump was created.
</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="getfacl"><title>getfacl</title>

<screen>
Usage: getfacl [-adn] FILE [FILE2...]
Display file and directory access control lists (ACLs).

  -a, --all      display the filename, the owner, the group, and
                 the ACL of the file
  -d, --dir      display the filename, the owner, the group, and
                 the default ACL of the directory, if it exists
  -h, --help     output usage information and exit
  -n, --noname   display user and group IDs instead of names
  -v, --version  output version information and exit

When multiple files are specified on the command line, a blank
line separates the ACLs for each file.
</screen>

<para>
For each argument that is a regular file, special file or
directory, <command>getfacl</command> displays the owner, the group, and the 
ACL.  For directories <command>getfacl</command> displays additionally the 
default ACL.  With no options specified, <command>getfacl</command> displays 
the filename, the owner, the group, and both the ACL and the default ACL, if 
it exists. For more information on Cygwin and Windows ACLs, see
see <Xref Linkend="ntsec"> in the Cygwin User's Guide.
The format for ACL output is as follows:
<screen>
     # file: filename
     # owner: name or uid
     # group: name or uid
     user::perm
     user:name or uid:perm
     group::perm
     group:name or gid:perm
     mask:perm
     other:perm
     default:user::perm
     default:user:name or uid:perm
     default:group::perm
     default:group:name or gid:perm
     default:mask:perm
     default:other:perm
</screen>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="kill"><title>kill</title>

<screen>
Usage: kill [-f] [-signal] [-s signal] pid1 [pid2 ...]
       kill -l [signal]
 -f, --force     force, using win32 interface if necessary
 -l, --list      print a list of signal names
 -s, --signal    send signal (use kill --list for a list)
 -h, --help      output usage information and exit
 -v, --version   output version information and exit
</screen>

<para>The <command>kill</command> program allows you to send arbitrary
signals to other Cygwin programs.  The usual purpose is to end a
running program from some other window when ^C won't work, but you can
also send program-specified signals such as SIGUSR1 to trigger actions
within the program, like enabling debugging or re-opening log files.
Each program defines the signals they understand.</para>

<para>You may need to specify the full path to use <command>kill</command> 
from within some shells, including <command>bash</command>, the default Cygwin
shell. This is because <command>bash</command> defines a 
<command>kill</command> builtin function; see the <command>bash</command>
man page under <emphasis>BUILTIN COMMANDS</emphasis> for more information.
To make sure you are using the Cygwin version, try

<screen>
$ /bin/kill --version
</screen>

which should give the Cygwin <command>kill</command> version number and
copyright information.
</para>

<para>Unless you specific the <literal>-f</literal> option, the "pid" values 
used by <command>kill</command> are the Cygwin pids, not the Windows pids.  
To get a list of running programs and their Cygwin pids, use the Cygwin
<command>ps</command> program. <command>ps -W</command> will display
<emphasis>all</emphasis> windows pids.</para>

<para>The <command>kill -l</command> option prints the name of the
given signal, or a list of all signal names if no signal is given.</para>

<para>To send a specific signal, use the <literal>-signN</literal>
option, either with a signal number or a signal name (minus the "SIG"
part), like these examples:</para>

<example><title>Using the kill command</title>
<screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kill 123</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kill -1 123</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kill -HUP 123</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kill -f 123</userinput>
</screen>
</example>

<para>Here is a list of available signals, their numbers, and some
commentary on them, from the file
<literal>&lt;sys/signal.h&gt;</literal>, which should be considered
the official source of this information.</para>

<screen>
SIGHUP       1    hangup
SIGINT       2    interrupt
SIGQUIT      3    quit
SIGILL       4    illegal instruction (not reset when caught)
SIGTRAP      5    trace trap (not reset when caught)
SIGABRT      6    used by abort
SIGEMT       7    EMT instruction
SIGFPE       8    floating point exception
SIGKILL      9    kill (cannot be caught or ignored)
SIGBUS      10    bus error
SIGSEGV     11    segmentation violation
SIGSYS      12    bad argument to system call
SIGPIPE     13    write on a pipe with no one to read it
SIGALRM     14    alarm clock
SIGTERM     15    software termination signal from kill
SIGURG      16    urgent condition on IO channel
SIGSTOP     17    sendable stop signal not from tty
SIGTSTP     18    stop signal from tty
SIGCONT     19    continue a stopped process
SIGCHLD     20    to parent on child stop or exit
SIGTTIN     21    to readers pgrp upon background tty read
SIGTTOU     22    like TTIN for output if (tp-&gt;t_local&amp;LTOSTOP)
SIGPOLL     23    System V name for SIGIO
SIGXCPU     24    exceeded CPU time limit
SIGXFSZ     25    exceeded file size limit
SIGVTALRM   26    virtual time alarm
SIGPROF     27    profiling time alarm
SIGWINCH    28    window changed
SIGLOST     29    resource lost (eg, record-lock lost)
SIGUSR1     30    user defined signal 1
SIGUSR2     31    user defined signal 2
</screen>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="mkgroup"><title>mkgroup</title>

<screen>
Usage: mkgroup [OPTION]... [domain]

This program prints a /etc/group file to stdout

Options:
   -l,--local             print local group information
   -d,--domain            print global group information from the domain
                          specified (or from the current domain if there is
                          no domain specified)
   -o,--id-offset offset  change the default offset (10000) added to uids
                          in domain accounts.
   -s,--no-sids           don't print SIDs in pwd field
                          (this affects ntsec)
   -u,--users             print user list in gr_mem field
   -h,--help              print this message

   -v,--version           print version information and exit

One of `-l' or `-d' must be given on NT/W2K.
</screen>

<para>The <command>mkgroup</command> program can be used to help
configure your Windows system to be more UNIX-like by creating an
initial <filename>/etc/group</filename> substitute (some commands need this
file) from your system information. It only works on the NT series
(Windows NT, 2000, and XP). <command>mkgroup</command> does not work on 
the Win9x series (Windows 95, 98, and Me) because they lack the security model 
to support it. To initially set up your machine, you'd do something like 
this:</para>

<example><title>Setting up the groups file</title>
<screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mkdir /etc</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mkgroup -l &gt; /etc/group</userinput>
</screen>
</example>

<para>Note that this information is static.  If you change the group
information in your system, you'll need to regenerate the group file
for it to have the new information.</para>

<para>The <literal>-d</literal> and <literal>-l</literal> options
allow you to specify where the information comes from, either the
local machine or the default (or given) domain.  The <literal>-o</literal>
option allows for special cases (such as multiple domains) where the GIDs 
might match otherwise. The <literal>-s</literal>
option omits the NT Security Identifier (SID).  For more information on 
SIDs, see <Xref Linkend="ntsec"> in the Cygwin User's Guide.  The
<literal>-u</literal> option causes <command>mkgroup</command> to 
enumerate the users for each group, placing the group members in the 
gr_mem (last) field.  Note that this can greatly increase
the time for <command>mkgroup</command> to run in a large domain.
</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="mkpasswd"><title>mkpasswd</title>

<screen>
Usage: mkpasswd [OPTION]... [domain]

This program prints a /etc/passwd file to stdout

Options:
   -l,--local              print local user accounts
   -d,--domain             print domain accounts (from current domain
                           if no domain specified)
   -o,--id-offset offset   change the default offset (10000) added to uids
                           in domain accounts.
   -g,--local-groups       print local group information too
                           if no domain specified
   -m,--no-mount           don't use mount points for home dir
   -s,--no-sids            don't print SIDs in GCOS field
                           (this affects ntsec)
   -p,--path-to-home path  use specified path instead of user account home dir
   -u,--username username  only return information for the specified user
   -h,--help               displays this message
   -v,--version            version information and exit

One of `-l', `-d' or `-g' must be given on NT/W2K.
</screen>

<para>The <command>mkpasswd</command> program can be used to help
configure your Windows system to be more UNIX-like by creating an
initial <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> substitute (some commands
need this file) from your system information. It only works on the NT series
(Windows NT, 2000, and XP). <command>mkpasswd</command> does not work on 
the Win9x series (Windows 95, 98, and Me) because they lack the security model 
to support it. To initially set up your machine, you'd do something like 
this:</para>

<example><title>Setting up the passwd file</title>
<screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mkdir /etc</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mkpasswd -l &gt; /etc/passwd</userinput>
</screen>
</example>

<para>Note that this information is static.  If you change the user
information in your system, you'll need to regenerate the passwd file
for it to have the new information.</para>

<para>The <literal>-d</literal> and <literal>-l</literal> options
allow you to specify where the information comes from, either the
local machine or the default (or given) domain.  The <literal>-o</literal>
option allows for special cases (such as multiple domains) where the UIDs
might match otherwise.  The <literal>-g</literal> option creates a local
user that corresponds to each local group. This is because NT assigns groups
file ownership.  The <literal>-m</literal> option bypasses the current
mount table so that, for example, two users who have a Windows home 
directory of H: could mount them differently.  The <literal>-s</literal>
option omits the NT Security Identifier (SID).  For more information on
SIDs, see <Xref Linkend="ntsec"> in the Cygwin User's Guide.  The
<literal>-p</literal> option causes <command>mkpasswd</command> to
use a prefix other than <literal>/home/</literal>. For example, this command:

<example><title>Using an alternate home root</title>
<screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mkpasswd -l -p "$(cygpath -H)" &gt; /etc/passwd</userinput>
</screen>
</example>

would put local users' home directories in the Windows 'Profiles' directory. 
The <literal>-u</literal> option allows <command>mkpasswd</command> to 
search for a specific username, greatly reducing the amount of time it 
takes in a large domain. 

</sect2>

<sect2 id="mount"><title>mount</title>

<screen>
Usage: mount [OPTION] [<win32path> <posixpath>]
  -b, --binary                  text files are equivalent to binary files
                                (newline = \n)
  -c, --change-cygdrive-prefix  change the cygdrive path prefix to <posixpath>
  -f, --force                   force mount, don't warn about missing mount
                                point directories
  -h, --help                    output usage information and exit
  -m, --mount-commands          write mount commands to replace user and
                                system mount points and cygdrive prefixes
  -p, --show-cygdrive-prefix    show user and/or system cygdrive path prefix
  -s, --system     (default)    add system-wide mount point
  -t, --text       (default)    text files get \r\n line endings
  -u, --user                    add user-only mount point
  -v, --version                 output version information and exit
  -x, --executable              treat all files under mount point as executables
  -E, --no-executable           treat all files under mount point as 
                                non-executables
  -X, --cygwin-executable       treat all files under mount point as cygwin
                                executables
</screen>

<para>The <command>mount</command> program is used to map your drives
and shares onto Cygwin's simulated POSIX directory tree, much like as is
done by mount commands on typical UNIX systems.  Please see
<Xref Linkend="mount-table"> for more information on the concepts
behind the Cygwin POSIX file system and strategies for using
mounts.</para>

<sect3><title>Using mount</title>

<para>If you just type <command>mount</command> with no parameters, it
will display the current mount table for you.</para>

<example>
<title>Displaying the current set of mount points</title>
<screen>
<prompt>c:\cygwin\&gt;</prompt> <userinput>mount</userinput>
c:\cygwin\bin on /usr/bin type system (binmode)
c:\cygwin\lib on /usr/lib type system (binmode)
c:\cygwin on / type system (binmode)
c: on /c type user (binmode,noumount)
d: on /d type user (binmode,noumount)
</screen>
</example>

<para>In this example, c:\cygwin is the POSIX root and D drive is mapped to
<filename>/d</filename>.  Note that in this case, the root mount is a
system-wide mount point that is visible to all users running Cygwin
programs, whereas the <filename>/d</filename> mount is only visible
to the current user.</para>

<para>The <command>mount</command> utility is also the mechanism for
adding new mounts to the mount table.  The following example
demonstrates how to mount the directory
<filename>\\pollux\home\joe\data</filename> to <filename>/data</filename>.
</para>

<example>
<title>Adding mount points</title>
<screen>
<prompt>c:\cygwin\&gt;</prompt> <userinput>ls /data</userinput>
ls: /data: No such file or directory
<prompt>c:\cygwin\&gt;</prompt> <userinput>mount \\pollux\home\joe\data /data</userinput>
mount: warning - /data does not exist!
<prompt>c:\cygwin\&gt;</prompt> <userinput>mount</userinput>
\\pollux\home\joe\data on /data type sytem (binmode)
c:\cygwin\bin on /usr/bin type system (binmode)
c:\cygwin\lib on /usr/lib type system (binmode)
c:\cygwin on / type system (binmode)
c: on /c type user (binmode,noumount)
d: on /d type user (binmode,noumount)
</screen>
</example>

<para>Note that <command>mount</command> was invoked from the Windows
command shell in the previous example.  In many Unix shells, including
bash, it is legal and convenient to use the forward "/" in Win32
pathnames since the "\" is the shell's escape character. </para>

<para>The <literal>-s</literal> flag to <command>mount</command> is used to add a mount
in the system-wide mount table used by all Cygwin users on the system,
instead of the user-specific one.  System-wide mounts are displayed
by <command>mount</command> as being of the "system" type, as is the
case for the <filename>/</filename> partition in the last example.
Under Windows NT, only those users with Administrator priviledges are
permitted to modify the system-wide mount table.</para>

<para>Note that a given POSIX path may only exist once in the user
table and once in the global, system-wide table.  Attempts to replace
the mount will fail with a busy error.  The <literal>-f</literal> (force) flag causes
the old mount to be silently replaced with the new one.  It will also
silence warnings about the non-existence of directories at the Win32
path location.</para>

<para>The <literal>-b</literal> flag is used to instruct Cygwin to treat binary and
text files in the same manner by default.  Binary mode mounts are
marked as "binmode" in the Flags column of <command>mount</command>
output.  By default, mounts are in text mode ("textmode" in the Flags
column).</para>

<para>Normally, files ending in certain extensions (.exe, .com, .bat, .cmd) 
are assumed to be executable.  Files whose first two characters begin with 
'#!' are also considered to be executable.  
The <literal>-x</literal> flag is used to instruct Cygwin that the 
mounted file is "executable".  If the <literal>-x</literal> flag is used 
with a directory then all files in the directory are executable.  
This option allows other files to be marked as executable and avoids the 
overhead of opening each file to check for a '#!'.  The <literal>-X</literal>
option is very similar to <literal>-x</literal>, but also prevents Cygwin
from setting up commands and environment variables for a normal Windows 
program, adding another small performance gain.  The opposite of these 
flags is the <literal>-E</literal> flag, which means that no files should be 
marked as executable.  </para>

<para>
The <literal>-m</literal> option causes the <command>mount</command> utility
to output a series of commands that could recreate both user and system mount 
points. You can save this output as a backup when experimenting with the
mount table. It also makes moving your settings to a different machine
much easier.
</para>

</sect3>

<sect3><title>Cygdrive mount points</title>

<para>Whenever Cygwin cannot use any of the existing mounts to convert
from a particular Win32 path to a POSIX one, Cygwin will, instead,
convert to a POSIX path using a default mount point:
<filename>/cygdrive</filename>.  For example, if Cygwin accesses
<filename>z:\foo</filename> and the z drive is not currently in the
mount table, then <filename>z:\</filename> will be accessible as
<filename>/cygdrive/z</filename>.  The <command>mount</command> utility 
can be used to change this default automount prefix through the use of the
"--change-cygdrive-prefix" option.  In the following example, we will
set the automount prefix to <filename>/</filename>:</para>

<example>
<title>Changing the default prefix</title>
<screen>
<prompt>c:\cygwin\&gt;</prompt> <userinput>mount --change-cygdrive-prefix /</userinput>
</screen>
</example>

<para>Note that you if you set a new prefix in this manner, you can
specify the <literal>-s</literal> flag to make this the system-wide default 
prefix.  By default, the cygdrive-prefix applies only to the current user.  
You can always see the user and system cygdrive prefixes with the 
<literal>-p</literal> option.  Using the <literal>-b</literal>
flag with <literal>--change-cygdrive-prefix</literal> makes all new 
automounted filesystems default to binary mode file accesses.</para>

</sect3>

<sect3><title>Limitations</title>

<para>Limitations: there is a hard-coded limit of 30 mount
points.  Also, although you can mount to pathnames that do not start
with "/", there is no way to make use of such mount points.</para>

<para>Normally the POSIX mount point in Cygwin is an existing empty
directory, as in standard UNIX. If this is the case, or if there is a
place-holder for the mount point (such as a file, a symbolic link
pointing anywhere, or a non-empty directory), you will get the expected
behavior. Files present in a mount point directory before the mount
become invisible to Cygwin programs.
</para>

<para>It is sometimes desirable to mount to a non-existent directory,
for example to avoid cluttering the root directory with names
such as
<filename>a</filename>, <filename>b</filename>, <filename>c</filename>
pointing to disks.
Although <command>mount</command> will give you a warning, most
everything will work properly when you refer to the mount point
explicitly.  Some strange effects can occur however.
For example if your current working directory is
<filename>/dir</filename>,
say, and <filename>/dir/mtpt</filename> is a mount point, then
<filename>mtpt</filename> will not show up in an <command>ls</command>
or
<command>echo *</command> command and <command>find .</command> will
not
find <filename>mtpt</filename>.
</para>

</sect3>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="passwd"><title>passwd</title>

<screen>
Usage: passwd (-l|-u|-S) [USER]
       passwd [-i NUM] [-n MINDAYS] [-x MAXDAYS] [-L LEN]

User operations:
 -l, --lock      lock USER's account
 -u, --unlock    unlock USER's account
 -S, --status    display password status for USER (locked, expired, etc.)

System operations:
 -i, --inactive  set NUM of days before inactive accounts are disabled
                 (inactive accounts are those with expired passwords)
 -n, --minage    set system minimum password age to MINDAYS
 -x, --maxage    set system maximum password age to MAXDAYS
 -L, --length    set system minimum password length to LEN

Other options:
 -h, --help      output usage information and exit
 -v, --version   output version information and exit
</screen>

<para> <command>passwd</command> changes passwords for user accounts.
A normal user may only change the password for their own account,
the administrators may change the password for any account.
<command>passwd</command> also changes account information, such as
password expiry dates and intervals.</para>

<para>Password changes: The user is first prompted for their old
password, if one is present.  This password is then encrypted and
compared against the stored password.  The user has only one chance to
enter the correct password.  The administrators are permitted to
bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed.</para>

<para>The user is then prompted for a replacement password.
<command>passwd</command> will prompt again and compare the second entry
against the first.  Both entries are require to match in order for the
password to be changed.</para>

<para>After the password has been entered, password aging information
is checked to see if the user is permitted to change their password
at this time.  If not, <command>passwd</command> refuses to change the
password and exits.</para>

<para>Password expiry and length: The password aging information may be
changed by the administrators with the <literal>-x</literal>,
<literal>-n</literal> and <literal>-i</literal> options.  The
<literal>-x</literal> option is used to set the maximum number of days
a password remains valid.  After <emphasis>max</emphasis> days, the
password is required to be changed.  The <literal>-n</literal> option is
used to set the minimum number of days before a password may be changed.
The user will not be permitted to change the password until
<emphasis>min</emphasis> days have elapsed.  The <literal>-i</literal>
option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired
for a number of days.  After a user account has had an expired password
for <emphasis>inact</emphasis> days, the user may no longer sign on to
the account. Allowed values for the above options are 0 to 999.  The
<literal>-L</literal> option sets the minimum length of allowed passwords
for users, which doesn't belong to the administrators group, to
<emphasis>len</emphasis> characters.  Allowed values for the minimum
password length are 0 to 14.  In any of the above cases, a value of 0
means `no restrictions'.</para>

<para>Account maintenance: User accounts may be locked and unlocked with the
<literal>-l</literal> and <literal>-u</literal> flags.  The
<literal>-l</literal> option disables an account.  The <literal>-u</literal>
option re-enables an account.</para>

<para>The account status may be given with the <literal>-S</literal>
option.  The status information is self explanatory.</para>

<para>Limitations: Users may not be able to change their password on
some systems.</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="ps"><title>ps</title>

<screen>
Usage: ps [-aefls] [-u UID]
 -a, --all       show processes of all users
 -e, --everyone  show processes of all users
 -f, --full      show process uids, ppids
 -h, --help      output usage information and exit
 -l, --long      show process uids, ppids, pgids, winpids
 -s, --summary   show process summary
 -u, --user      list processes owned by UID
 -v, --version   output version information and exit
 -W, --windows   show windows as well as cygwin processes
With no options, ps outputs the long format by default
</screen>

<para>The <command>ps</command> program gives the status of all the
Cygwin processes running on the system (ps = "process status").  Due
to the limitations of simulating a POSIX environment under Windows,
there is little information to give.  The PID column is the process ID
you need to give to the <command>kill</command> command.  The WINPID
column is the process ID that's displayed by NT's Task Manager
program.</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="umount"><title>umount</title>

<screen>
Usage: umount.exe [OPTION] [<posixpath>]
  -A, --remove-all-mounts       remove all mounts
  -c, --remove-cygdrive-prefix  remove cygdrive prefix
  -h, --help                    output usage information and exit
  -s, --system                  remove system mount (default)
  -S, --remove-system-mounts    remove all system mounts
  -u, --user                    remove user mount
  -U, --remove-user-mounts      remove all user mounts
  -v, --version                 output version information and exit
</screen>

<para>The <command>umount</command> program removes mounts from the
mount table.  If you specify a POSIX path that corresponds to a
current mount point, <command>umount</command> will remove it from the
user-specific registry area.  The -s flag may be used to specify
removing the mount from the system-wide registry area instead
(Administrator priviledges are required).</para>

<para>The <command>umount</command> utility may also be used to remove
all mounts of a particular type.  With the extended options it is
possible to remove all mounts, all automatically-mounted mounts, all
mounts in the current user's registry area, or all mounts in the
system-wide registry area (with Administrator privileges).</para>

<para>See <Xref Linkend="mount">) for more information on the mount
table.</para>
</sect2>

<sect2 id="strace"><title>strace</title>

<screen>
Usage: strace.exe [OPTIONS] <command-line>
Usage: strace.exe [OPTIONS] -p <pid>
  -b, --buffer-size=SIZE       set size of output file buffer
  -d, --no-delta               don't display the delta-t microsecond timestamp
  -f, --trace-children         trace child processes (toggle - default true)
  -h, --help                   output usage information and exit
  -m, --mask=MASK              set message filter mask
  -n, --crack-error-numbers    output descriptive text instead of error
                               numbers for Windows errors
  -o, --output=FILENAME        set output file to FILENAME
  -p, --pid=n                  attach to executing program with cygwin pid n
  -S, --flush-period=PERIOD    flush buffered strace output every PERIOD secs
  -t, --timestamp              use an absolute hh:mm:ss timestamp insted of 
                               the default microsecond timestamp.  Implies -d
  -T, --toggle                 toggle tracing in a process already being
                               traced. Requires -p <pid>
  -v, --version                output version information and exit
  -w, --new-window             spawn program under test in a new window

    MASK can be any combination of the following mnemonics and/or hex values
    (0x is optional).  Combine masks with '+' or ',' like so:

                      --mask=wm+system,malloc+0x00800

    Mnemonic Hex     Corresponding Def  Description
    =========================================================================
    all      0x00001 (_STRACE_ALL)      All strace messages.
    flush    0x00002 (_STRACE_FLUSH)    Flush output buffer after each message.
    inherit  0x00004 (_STRACE_INHERIT)  Children inherit mask from parent.
    uhoh     0x00008 (_STRACE_UHOH)     Unusual or weird phenomenon.
    syscall  0x00010 (_STRACE_SYSCALL)  System calls.
    startup  0x00020 (_STRACE_STARTUP)  argc/envp printout at startup.
    debug    0x00040 (_STRACE_DEBUG)    Info to help debugging. 
    paranoid 0x00080 (_STRACE_PARANOID) Paranoid info.
    termios  0x00100 (_STRACE_TERMIOS)  Info for debugging termios stuff.
    select   0x00200 (_STRACE_SELECT)   Info on ugly select internals.
    wm       0x00400 (_STRACE_WM)       Trace Windows msgs (enable _strace_wm).
    sigp     0x00800 (_STRACE_SIGP)     Trace signal and process handling.
    minimal  0x01000 (_STRACE_MINIMAL)  Very minimal strace output.
    exitdump 0x04000 (_STRACE_EXITDUMP) Dump strace cache on exit.
    system   0x08000 (_STRACE_SYSTEM)   Serious error; goes to console and log.
    nomutex  0x10000 (_STRACE_NOMUTEX)  Don't use mutex for synchronization.
    malloc   0x20000 (_STRACE_MALLOC)   Trace malloc calls.
    thread   0x40000 (_STRACE_THREAD)   Thread-locking calls.
</screen>


<para>The <command>strace</command> program executes a program, and
optionally the children of the program, reporting any Cygwin DLL output
from the program(s) to file.  This program is mainly useful for debugging
the Cygwin DLL itself.</para>
</sect2>

<sect2 id="regtool"><title>regtool</title>

<screen>
Usage: regtool.exe [OPTION] (add | check | get | list | remove | unset) KEY

Actions:
 add KEY\SUBKEY             add new SUBKEY
 check KEY                  exit 0 if KEY exists, 1 if not
 get KEY\VALUE              prints VALUE to stdout
 list KEY                   list SUBKEYs and VALUEs
 remove KEY                 remove KEY
 set KEY\VALUE [data ...]   set VALUE
 unset KEY\VALUE            removes VALUE from KEY

Options for 'list' Action:
 -k, --keys           print only KEYs
 -l, --list           print only VALUEs
 -p, --postfix        like ls -p, appends '\' postfix to KEY names

Options for 'set' Action:
 -e, --expand-string  set type to REG_EXPAND_SZ
 -i, --integer        set type to REG_DWORD
 -m, --multi-string   set type to REG_MULTI_SZ
 -s, --string         set type to REG_SZ

Other Options:
 -h, --help     output usage information and exit
 -q, --quiet    no error output, just nonzero return if KEY/VALUE missing
 -v, --verbose  verbose output, including VALUE contents when applicable
 -V, --version  output version information and exit

KEY is in the format [host]\prefix\KEY\KEY\VALUE, where host is optional
remote host in either \\hostname or hostname: format and prefix is any of:
  root     HKCR  HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (local only)
  config   HKCC  HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG (local only)
  user     HKCU  HKEY_CURRENT_USER (local only)
  machine  HKLM  HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
  users    HKU   HKEY_USERS

You can use forward slash ('/') as a separator instead of backslash, in
that case backslash is treated as escape character
Example: regtool.exe get '\user\software\Microsoft\Clock\iFormat'
</screen>

<para>The <command>regtool</command> program allows shell scripts
to access and modify the Windows registry.  Note that modifying the
Windows registry is dangerous, and carelessness here can result
in an unusable system.  Be careful.</para>

<para>The <literal>-v</literal> option means "verbose".  For most
commands, this causes additional or lengthier messages to be printed.
Conversely, the <literal>-q</literal> option supresses error messages,
so you can use the exit status of the program to detect if a key
exists or not (for example).</para>

<para>The <literal>list</literal> command lists the subkeys and values
belonging to the given key.  The <literal>add</literal> command adds a
new key.  The <literal>remove</literal> command removes a key.  Note
that you may need to remove everything in the key before you may
remove it, but don't rely on this stopping you from accidentally
removing too much.  The <literal>check</literal> command checks to see
if a key exists (the exit code of the program is zero if it does,
nonzero if it does not).</para>

<para>The <literal>set</literal> command sets a value within a key.
<literal>-i</literal> means the value is an integer (DWORD).
<literal>-s</literal> means the value is a string.
<literal>-e</literal> means it's an expanding string (it contains
embedded environment variables).  <literal>-m</literal> means it's a
multi-string (list).  If you don't specify one of these, it tries to
guess the type based on the value you give.  If it looks like a
number, it's a number.  If it starts with a percent, it's an expanding
string.  If you give multiple values, it's a multi-string.  Else, it's
a regular string.</para>

<para>The <literal>unset</literal> command removes a value from a key.
The <literal>get</literal> command gets the value of a value of a key,
and prints it (and nothing else) to stdout.  Note: if the value
doesn't exist, an error message is printed and the program returns a
non-zero exit code.  If you give <literal>-q</literal>, it doesn't
print the message but does return the non-zero exit code.</para>

</sect2>

</sect1>