Nuova astrografica: Storia della misura della distanza Terra-Luna

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Gianluigi 2022-07-21 09:21:08 +02:00
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\documentclass{standalone}
%
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{backgrounds,shapes.callouts}
\tikzstyle directed=[postaction={decorate,decoration={markings, mark=at position .5 with {\arrow{>}}}}]
\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{ifthen}
%
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\definecolor{craterm}{HTML}{616060}
\definecolor{linem}{HTML}{DBDBDB}
\definecolor{core2}{HTML}{FF9616}
\definecolor{mars}{HTML}{DC7B4E}
%
\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmainfont{Open Dyslexic}
%
\title{Storia della misura della distanza Terra-Luna}
\begin{document}
\tikzset{
partial ellipse/.style args = {#1:#2:#3}{insert path={+ (#1:#3) arc (#1:#2:#3)}},
notice/.style = { draw, ellipse callout, callout relative pointer={#1} },
}
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\draw [use as bounding box, color=white] (-0.1,2.7) -| (30.2,2.7) |- (30.2,-118) -| (-0.1,-118);
%title
\begin{scope}%[shift={(0,15)}]
\draw [black,ultra thick,fill=title] (0,-2.5) rectangle (30,2.5);
\node (example-textwidth-2) [right, align=center, text width=35cm, color=black, font=\fontsize{60pt}{61pt}\selectfont] at (-3,0) {Storia della misura della distanza Terra-Luna};
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-7.5)}]
\node at (23,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{carl_sagan}};
\node (example-textwidth-2) [notice={(3,0.5)}, ultra thick, right, align=center, text width=12cm, color=black, fill=white, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (1,-1) {I metodi più antichi sono quello dell'eclissi lunare, come fatto da \textbf{Aristarco di Samo} nel IV secolo a.C. e successivamente da \textbf{Ipparco da Samo}. Quest'ultimo ottenne un risultato compreso tra i 376000 e i 427000 km.};
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-17.5)}]
\node at (7,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{ipparco}};
\node (example-textwidth-2) [notice={(-3,0.5)}, ultra thick, right, align=center, text width=12cm, color=black, fill=white, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (12,-1) {Purtroppo commisi alcuni errori, tanto che la misura che doveva essere una stima inferiore di tale distanza risultò maggiore rispetto a quella che doveva essere la stima superiore...};
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-26)}]
\node at (23,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{carl_sagan}};
\node (example-textwidth-2) [notice={(3,0.5)}, ultra thick, right, align=center, text width=12cm, color=black, fill=white, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (1,-1) {\textbf{Tolomeo}, a partire dai risultati di Ipparco, determinò una distanza di 409000 km.};
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-34)}]
\node at (7,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{tolomeo}};
\node (example-textwidth-2) [notice={(-3,0.5)}, ultra thick, right, align=center, text width=12cm, color=black, fill=white, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (12,-1) {Qualunque errore ho fatto dipende da Ipparco!};
\node (example-textwidth-2) [notice={(3,0.5)}, ultra thick, right, align=center, text width=12cm, color=black, fill=white, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (12,-4) {Tolomeo! Sempre modesto, eh?!};
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-42)}]
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\node (example-textwidth-2) [right, align=left, text width=25cm, color=black, font=\fontsize{18pt}{19pt}\selectfont] at (3,0) {Il metodo più antico in assoluto è invece quello della parallasse, ovvero la misurazione simultanea da posizioni differenti dell'angolo tra la Luna e un dato punto di riferimento. };
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-47)}]
\node at (23,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{carl_sagan}};
\node (example-textwidth-2) [notice={(3,0.5)}, ultra thick, right, align=center, text width=12cm, color=black, fill=white, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (1,-1) {Ovviamente in questo modo risulta necessario sincronizzare tutti gli osservatori.};
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%
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\node (example-textwidth-2) [right, align=left, text width=24cm, color=black, font=\fontsize{18pt}{19pt}\selectfont] at (3,0) {Il metodo attualmente utilizzato risale al 1962, quando una squadra del MIT (\emph{Massachusetts Institute of Technology}) in collaborazione con gli astronomi sovietici dell'Osservatorio Astrofisico di Crimea portò a termine un esperimento per misurare il tempo di andata e ritorno di un impulso laser riflesso sulla superficie della Luna.};
\end{scope}
%
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%down-sx
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%down-dx
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%up-sx
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%up-dx shadow
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%
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%
\draw [ultra thick, fill=space] (13.5,3) rectangle (26.5,-3);
\node (example-textwidth-2) [right, align=left, text width=12cm, color=white, font=\fontsize{18pt}{19pt}\selectfont] at (14,0) {L'evoluzione di questo esperimento viene portato a termine grazie alle \emph{missioni Apollo} del 1969, quando gli astronauti posizionarono sulla superficie lunare degli specchi catarifrangenti, in modo tale da migliorare l'accuratezza della misura.};
%
\draw [ultra thick, fill=space] (0.5,-6.5) rectangle (13.5,-13.5);
\node (example-textwidth-2) [right, align=left, text width=12cm, color=white, font=\fontsize{18pt}{19pt}\selectfont] at (1,-10) {I laser che viaggiano verso la Luna coinvolgono molteplici strutture e fanno parte del \emph{Lunar Laser Ranging}. La misura della distanza proveniente da questo progetto è di 384402 km con un errore di 1.1 millimetri, che in termini di tempo luce corrisponde a poco meno di 1.3 secondi.};
%
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%
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\node (example-textwidth-2) [right, align=left, text width=13cm, color=black, font=\fontsize{18pt}{19pt}\selectfont] at (14.5,0) {Un metodo alternativo basato sullo stesso principio è quello di usare degli impulsi radar: nel 1957 lo \emph{US Naval Research Laboratory}, dopo aver inviato un segnale sulla superficie della Luna, ha rivelato quello di ritorno e misurato il tempo di ritardo, usato per ricavare la distanza dal nostro satellite. Purtroppo tale esperimento era soggetto a un errore eccessivamente alto e quindi il risultato prodotto non era considerato affidabile.};
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\end{scope}
%
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%
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%
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%
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%down-sx
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%down-dx
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%up-sx
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%up-dx shadow
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%
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-110)}]
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\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-117)}]
\node at (27,0) () {\includegraphics[width=3.7cm]{licenza}};
\node at (18,-0.1) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{14}{15}\selectfont Testo e illustrazioni: @ulaulaman - Gianluigi Filippelli}};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
%
\end{document}

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