From bfc9b6ecd3f36a9c137d63fe93ff2f0f2d931442 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alessandro Ferro <49845537+xfarrow@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Mar 2021 11:01:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] Lezione 5

---
 teoria/classi/a.out                           | Bin 0 -> 13360 bytes
 teoria/classi/constructorStack.cpp            |  51 +++++++++++
 teoria/classi/destructor_problem.cpp          |  66 ++++++++++++++
 teoria/classi/methods.cpp                     |  38 +++++++-
 teoria/classi/multiple_inheritance.cpp        |  77 +++++++++++++++++
 .../classi/multiple_virtual_inheritance.cpp   |  81 ++++++++++++++++++
 teoria/classi/single_inheritance.cpp          |  43 ++++++++++
 .../esempi_professore/examples/classes/a.out  | Bin 0 -> 14016 bytes
 8 files changed, 355 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100755 teoria/classi/a.out
 create mode 100644 teoria/classi/constructorStack.cpp
 create mode 100644 teoria/classi/destructor_problem.cpp
 create mode 100644 teoria/classi/multiple_inheritance.cpp
 create mode 100644 teoria/classi/multiple_virtual_inheritance.cpp
 create mode 100644 teoria/classi/single_inheritance.cpp
 create mode 100755 teoria/esempi_professore/examples/classes/a.out

diff --git a/teoria/classi/a.out b/teoria/classi/a.out
new file mode 100755
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diff --git a/teoria/classi/constructorStack.cpp b/teoria/classi/constructorStack.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbf710d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/classi/constructorStack.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#include<iostream>
+using namespace std;
+class A{
+public:
+  int x;
+  A(){
+    cout<<"Sono nel costruttore di A"<<endl;
+    x = x+1;
+  }
+  A(const A& a){
+    cout<<"Sono nel costruttore di copia di A"<<endl;
+  }
+};
+class B:public A{
+public:
+  B(){
+    cout<<"Sono nel costruttore di B"<<endl;
+    x+=100;
+  }
+  B(const B& b){
+    cout<<"Sono nel costruttore di copia di B"<<endl;
+  }
+};
+class C:public B{
+public:
+  C(){
+    cout<<"Sono nel costruttore di C"<<endl;
+    x+=1000;
+  }
+  C(const C& c){
+    cout<<"Sono nel costruttore di copia di C"<<endl;
+  }
+};
+int main(){
+  /*
+  Sono nel costruttore di A
+  Sono nel costruttore di B
+  Sono nel costruttore di C
+  */
+  C obj;
+  
+  cout<<endl;
+
+  /*
+  Sono nel costruttore di A
+  Sono nel costruttore di B
+  Sono nel costruttore DI COPIA di C
+  */
+  C obj2(obj);
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/teoria/classi/destructor_problem.cpp b/teoria/classi/destructor_problem.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a573a05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/classi/destructor_problem.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#include<iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+void problema();
+void soluzione();
+
+int main(){
+  //problema();
+  soluzione();
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void problema(){
+  class A{
+  public:
+  int* v = new int[10];
+    ~A(){
+      cout<<"Richiamato distuttore di A"<<endl;
+      delete[] v;
+    }
+  };
+  class B: public A{
+  public:
+  char* s = new char[20];
+    ~B(){
+      cout<<"Richiamato distruttore di B"<<endl;
+      delete[] s;
+    }
+  };
+
+  A* ptr = new B(); //dato che B è anche un tipo A, questo può essere fatto.
+  delete ptr; // "Richiamato distruttore di A"
+  /*
+    Creo un oggetto B (quindi che contiene anche A) e lo assegno a un puntatore
+    a oggetto A.
+    Se poi faccio "delete ptr" il compilatore va a richiamare il distruttore di A
+    e non anche quello di B. Quindi l'array di char "s" rimarrà in memoria almeno
+    fino al termine del programma.
+  */
+}
+
+void soluzione(){
+  class A{
+  public:
+  int* v = new int[10];
+  /*
+  Virtual functions ensure that the correct function is called for an object,
+  regardless of the type of reference (or pointer) used for function call.
+  https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/virtual-function-cpp/
+  */
+    virtual ~A(){ // metodo virtuale. Deve essere sempre fatto così sui distruttori.
+      cout<<"Richiamato distuttore di A"<<endl;
+      delete[] v;
+    }
+  };
+  class B: public A{
+  public:
+  char* s = new char[20];
+    ~B(){
+      cout<<"Richiamato distruttore di B"<<endl;
+      delete[] s;
+    }
+  };
+  A* ptr = new B(); //dato che B è anche un tipo A, questo può essere fatto.
+  delete ptr; // "Richiamato distruttore di B Richiamato distuttore di A"
+}
diff --git a/teoria/classi/methods.cpp b/teoria/classi/methods.cpp
index 76ead54..3c51ba8 100644
--- a/teoria/classi/methods.cpp
+++ b/teoria/classi/methods.cpp
@@ -10,5 +10,41 @@
               = 0: pure virtual. A questo livello l'implementazione di questo metodo non esiste
               = default: ammesso solo per cost. e dist. che dice di creare quelli di default
               =delete: elimina un metodo precedentemente scritto nella gerarchia
-
 */
+/*
+  Il corpo di una funzione può essere messo anche fuori dalla classe:
+*/
+#include<iostream>
+class ClassName{
+private:
+  int y = 5;
+public:
+  int x = 3;
+
+  int aggiungiX(int); // dichiarazione funzione
+
+  int aggiungiY(int); // dichiarazione funzione
+  friend int aggiungiY(int); // dichiarazione friendship
+};
+/*
+  NB: in questo caso x deve essere dichiarata pubblica. Se fosse stato un metodo
+      all'interno della classe allora avrebbe potuto avere accesso anche se x
+      fosse stata privata
+*/
+int ClassName::aggiungiX(int parametro){
+  x+=parametro;
+}
+/*
+  Oppure si può dichiarare la friendship per accedere a variabili private/protette
+*/
+int ClassName::aggiungiY(int parametro){
+  y+=parametro;
+  std::cout<<y<<std::endl;
+}
+int main(){
+  ClassName obj;
+  obj.aggiungiX(7);
+  obj.aggiungiY(9);
+  std::cout<<obj.x<<std::endl;
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/teoria/classi/multiple_inheritance.cpp b/teoria/classi/multiple_inheritance.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c23845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/classi/multiple_inheritance.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#include<iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+/*
+  ereditarietà a diamante:
+  A <-- B
+  A <-- C
+  B <-- D
+  C <-- D
+*/
+
+class A{
+  public:
+     int a;
+     A(){
+       cout<<"A created"<<endl;
+     }
+     ~A(){
+       cout<<"A destroyed"<<endl;
+     }
+};
+
+class B : A{
+  public:
+     int b;
+     B(){
+       cout<<"B created"<<endl;
+     }
+     ~B(){
+       cout<<"B destroyed"<<endl;
+     }
+};
+
+class C : A{
+public:
+  int c;
+  C(){
+    cout<<"C created"<<endl;
+  }
+  ~C(){
+    cout<<"C destroyed"<<endl;
+  }
+};
+
+class D : B,C{
+public:
+  int d;
+  D(){
+    cout<<"D created"<<endl;
+  }
+  ~D(){
+    cout<<"D destroyed"<<endl;
+  }
+};
+
+int main(){
+  /*
+  Ogni oggetto deve avere all'interno gli oggetti ereditati. Quindi stampa:
+  A created (per creare D mi serve prima B. Per creare B mi serve prima A)
+  B created (creato A, posso creare B)
+  A created (per creare D mi serve prima C. Per creare C mi serve prima A)
+  C created (creato A, posso creare C)
+  D created (creato B che contiene A e creato C che contiene A, posso creare D)
+  */
+  D obj;
+  cout<<endl;
+  return 0;
+
+  /*
+  La distruzione viene effettuata al contrario
+  D destroyed
+  C destroyed
+  A destroyed
+  B destroyed
+  A destroyed
+  */
+}
diff --git a/teoria/classi/multiple_virtual_inheritance.cpp b/teoria/classi/multiple_virtual_inheritance.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73a06fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/classi/multiple_virtual_inheritance.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#include<iostream>
+using namespace std;
+/*
+  ereditarietà a diamante:
+  A <-- B
+  A <-- C
+  B <-- D
+  C <-- D
+*/
+
+void nonVirtualInheritance();
+void virtualInheritance();
+int main(){
+  //nonVirtualInheritance();
+  virtualInheritance();
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void nonVirtualInheritance(){
+  class A{
+    public:
+       int size = 7;
+  };
+
+  class B : public A{
+    public:
+       int b;
+  };
+
+  class C : public A{
+  public:
+    int c;
+  };
+
+  class D : public B, public C{
+  public:
+    int d;
+  };
+
+  /*
+    Adesso B ha una copia di A, C ha una copia di A, D ha una copia di B e una
+    copia di C. Implica che D ha due copie di A.
+    Se provo a stampare size, cosa succede?
+  */
+  D obj;
+  //cout<<obj.size<<endl; //request for member ‘size’ is ambiguous
+
+  cout<<obj.B::size<<endl;
+  cout<<obj.C::size<<endl;
+}
+
+void virtualInheritance(){
+  class A{
+    public:
+       int size = 7;
+  };
+
+  class B : virtual public A{
+    public:
+       int b;
+  };
+
+  class C :virtual public A{
+  public:
+    int c;
+  };
+
+  class D : public B, public C{
+  public:
+    int d;
+  };
+
+  D obj;
+  cout<<obj.size; // adesso posso stampare tranquillamente size
+
+  /*
+    Questo è possibile grazie al fatto che B e C ereditano A in modo virtuale,
+    ovverosia, c'è solo un'istanza A condivisa tra B e C.
+    https://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/virtual_inheritance.html
+  */
+}
diff --git a/teoria/classi/single_inheritance.cpp b/teoria/classi/single_inheritance.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc28160
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/classi/single_inheritance.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#include<iostream>
+using namespace std;
+class A{
+private:
+  int a = 1;
+protected:
+  int b = 2;
+public:
+  int c = 3;
+  int sameVariable = 4;
+};
+
+class B : A{
+public:
+  int sameVariable = 9;
+  void test(){
+    //cout<<a<<endl; // errore, "a" è privata
+    cout<<b<<endl; // 2
+    cout<<c<<endl; // 3
+    cout<<sameVariable<<endl; // 9
+  }
+};
+
+int main(){
+  B b;
+  b.test();
+  //cout<<b.a<<endl; //NO
+  //cout<<b.b<<endl; //NO
+
+  /*
+  Benché A::c sia pubblica, non posso accedergli da qua perché di default
+  l'ereditarietà viene fatta in modo privato.
+  Se avessi scritto class B:public A allora avrei potuto stampare.
+  */
+  //cout<<b.c<<endl; //NO
+  cout<<b.sameVariable<<endl; // 9
+
+  /*
+    Se l'ereditarietà fosse stata pubblica (B: public A) avrei potuto scrivere
+    cout<<b.A::sameVariable<<endl;
+    per eccedere a "sameVariable" di A
+  */
+}
diff --git a/teoria/esempi_professore/examples/classes/a.out b/teoria/esempi_professore/examples/classes/a.out
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