From 2e5192afe6356deecf769cdfb4f4dca7aa39399b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alessandro Ferro <49845537+xfarrow@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 21:54:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] Initial commit

---
 .gitattributes                        |   2 +
 teoria/a.out                          | Bin 0 -> 14488 bytes
 teoria/allocazioneDinamicaMemoria.cpp |  44 +++++++++++++
 teoria/domande.cpp                    |  17 ++++++
 teoria/lezione2.cpp                   |  51 ++++++++++++++++
 teoria/multiple_files/build.sh        |   1 +
 teoria/multiple_files/executable.out  | Bin 0 -> 13280 bytes
 teoria/multiple_files/main.cpp        |   8 +++
 teoria/multiple_files/test.cpp        |   5 ++
 teoria/multiple_files/test.hpp        |   4 ++
 teoria/puntatori.cpp                  |  85 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 teoria/riferimenti.cpp                |  84 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 12 files changed, 301 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .gitattributes
 create mode 100755 teoria/a.out
 create mode 100644 teoria/allocazioneDinamicaMemoria.cpp
 create mode 100755 teoria/domande.cpp
 create mode 100755 teoria/lezione2.cpp
 create mode 100755 teoria/multiple_files/build.sh
 create mode 100755 teoria/multiple_files/executable.out
 create mode 100755 teoria/multiple_files/main.cpp
 create mode 100755 teoria/multiple_files/test.cpp
 create mode 100755 teoria/multiple_files/test.hpp
 create mode 100644 teoria/puntatori.cpp
 create mode 100644 teoria/riferimenti.cpp

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfe0770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Auto detect text files and perform LF normalization
+* text=auto
diff --git a/teoria/a.out b/teoria/a.out
new file mode 100755
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diff --git a/teoria/allocazioneDinamicaMemoria.cpp b/teoria/allocazioneDinamicaMemoria.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9206803
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/allocazioneDinamicaMemoria.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#include<iostream>
+using namespace std;
+void array();
+void arrayInizializzato();
+void noArray();
+
+int main(){
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void array(){
+  int* ptr = nullptr;
+  try{
+    ptr = new int[5];
+  }catch(bad_alloc ex){ // Se non riesce a creare abbastanza memoria viene sollevata un'eccezione
+    cout<<"Errore allocazione memoria";
+  }
+
+  for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
+    cout<<"Valore "<<i<<": ";
+    cin>>ptr[i];
+  }
+  for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
+    cout<<ptr[i];
+  }
+  cout<<endl;
+  delete[] ptr;
+}
+void arrayInizializzato(){
+  try{
+    int* ptr = new int[3]{1,2,3};
+    for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
+      cout<<ptr[i];
+    }
+    delete[] ptr;
+  }catch(bad_alloc ex){
+    cout<<"Errore allocazione memoria";
+  }
+}
+void noArray(){
+  int* ptr = new int(5);
+  cout<<*ptr<<endl;
+  delete ptr;
+}
diff --git a/teoria/domande.cpp b/teoria/domande.cpp
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..c107805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/domande.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#include<iostream>
+using namespace std;
+int main(){
+  string s1 = "hello";
+  string s2 = "world";
+  cout<<"Stringa 1: "<<s1<<endl<<"Stringa 2: "<<s2<<endl;
+  cout<<"PTR Stringa 1: "<<&s1<<endl<<"PTR Stringa 2: "<<&s2<<endl<<endl;
+  s1 = move(s2);
+
+  cout<<"Stringa 1: "<<s1<<endl<<"Stringa 2: "<<s2<<endl;
+  cout<<"PTR Stringa 1: "<<&s1<<endl<<"PTR Stringa 2: "<<&s2<<endl<<endl;
+
+  s2 = "cacca";
+  cout<<"Stringa 1: "<<s1<<endl<<"Stringa 2: "<<s2<<endl;
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/teoria/lezione2.cpp b/teoria/lezione2.cpp
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..0758601
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/lezione2.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#include<iostream>
+#include "header.hpp"
+using namespace std;
+int main(){
+
+  /* Puntatori */
+
+  const int x = 5;
+  const int y = 3;
+
+  const int* p = &x;
+  //*p = 3; // errore
+  p = &y; //OK
+
+  const int* const p2 = &x;
+  //*p2 = 3; //errore
+  //p2 = &y; //errore
+
+  /* Casting */
+
+  char c = 'a';
+  void* p3 = &c;
+  //cout<<*p3; //errore (non conosce il tipo)
+  //cout<<*((char*)p3)<<endl; //OK
+  //cout<<*(static_cast<char*>(p3))<<endl; //miglior modo
+
+  /* Riferimenti */
+
+  int d = 7;
+  int& e = d;
+  e++;
+  //cout<<d<<endl;
+
+//  int a = function(); //OK
+  //int& b = function(); //errore cannot bind non-const lvalue reference of type ‘int&’ to an rvalue of type ‘int’
+  const int& b = function(); // perché funziona?
+  //cout<<b<<endl;
+  string s1 = "hello";
+  string s2 = "world";
+
+  cout<<"Address of s2 is"<<&s2<<endl;
+  s1 = std::move(s2);
+  cout<<"Address of s1 is"<<&s1<<endl;
+
+  int r = move(function()); //ok
+  cout<<r<<endl;
+
+  int&& r2 = move(function()); //ok
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/teoria/multiple_files/build.sh b/teoria/multiple_files/build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..70963db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/multiple_files/build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+g++ -O3 main.cpp test.cpp -o executable.out
diff --git a/teoria/multiple_files/executable.out b/teoria/multiple_files/executable.out
new file mode 100755
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literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/teoria/multiple_files/main.cpp b/teoria/multiple_files/main.cpp
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..c1f637f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/multiple_files/main.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include "test.hpp"
+using namespace std;
+int main(){
+  cout<<"I'm main"<<endl;
+  test();
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/teoria/multiple_files/test.cpp b/teoria/multiple_files/test.cpp
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..945b891
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/multiple_files/test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include "test.hpp"
+void test(){
+  std::cout<<"I'm test"<<std::endl;
+}
diff --git a/teoria/multiple_files/test.hpp b/teoria/multiple_files/test.hpp
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..e48cb71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/multiple_files/test.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#ifndef TEST_HPP
+#define TEST_HPP
+  void test();
+#endif
diff --git a/teoria/puntatori.cpp b/teoria/puntatori.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26abca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/puntatori.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/**** puntatori ****/
+
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+// prototipi di funzione
+void assegnazione();
+void dimensione_puntatore();
+void puntatori_const();
+void casting();
+
+int main(){
+  casting();
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void casting(){
+  int i = -1;
+  int* ptr_int = &i;
+  /*  trasformo il puntatore da puntatore a intero a puntatore a unsigned intero
+      quindi stamperà 4294967295 perchè interpreta il valore puntato come unsigned  */
+  cout<<*((unsigned int*)ptr_int)<<endl;
+
+  void* ptr_void = &i;
+  // cout<<*ptr_void<<endl; //errore. non sa come interpretare il valore puntato da ptr_void
+  cout<<*((int*)ptr_void)<<endl; //ok
+
+  /* Il C++ offre lo static_cast ed è più restrittivo rispetto al cast normale */
+  cout<<*(static_cast<int*>(ptr_void)); // Il tipo void* può sempre essere castato
+  //cout<<*(static_cast<unsigned int*>(ptr_int)); // errore. Non avrebbe dato errore con il cast normale
+}
+
+void puntatori_const(){
+  const char carattere_const = 'a';
+  char carattere = 'b';
+
+  /* ----- CONST TYPE* PTR ----- */
+  // Se una variabile è const anche il suo puntatore deve esserlo
+
+  // char* ptr = carattere_const;       // errore
+  const char* ptr = &carattere_const; // OK
+  /*  Se un puntatore è const char*, non  posso modificare il valore della
+      variabile, ma posso modificare il valore del puntatore in sè */
+  // *ptr = 'z'; //errore
+  ptr = &carattere; //ok
+
+  /* ----- CONST TYPE* CONST PTR ----- */
+  /* const char* const vuol dire che è un puntatore const che non
+  può neanche modificare il valore del puntatore in sè */
+
+  const char* const ptr2 = &carattere_const;
+  // *ptr2 = 'z'; //errore
+  // ptr2 = &carattere; //errore
+
+  /* ----- TYPE* CONST PTR ----- */
+  /*  Punta a tipi non-const ma il suo valore non può essere cambiato,
+      ovvero non può puntare a locazioni diverse rispetto alla dimensione_puntatore
+      inizializzazione */
+
+  char* const ptr3 = &carattere;
+  *ptr3 = 'k'; // OK
+  char carattere2 = 's';
+  //ptr3 = &carattere2; // errore
+}
+
+void dimensione_puntatore(){
+  /*  la dimensione di un puntatore non dipende dal tipo a cui punta
+      dato che deve semplicemente essere abbastanza grande per individuare
+      una cella di memoria  */
+
+    long double* ptr1 = nullptr;
+    char* ptr2 = nullptr;
+
+    cout<<sizeof(ptr1)<<endl<<sizeof(ptr2)<<endl;
+}
+
+void assegnazione(){
+  char carattere = 'a';
+  char* ptr = nullptr;  // equivalente al NULL di C
+
+  ptr = &carattere;     // assegno a ptr l'indirizzo di carattere
+
+  cout<<"carattere: "<<carattere<<endl;
+  cout<<"deferenziazione di ptr: "<<*ptr<<endl;
+}
diff --git a/teoria/riferimenti.cpp b/teoria/riferimenti.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b44e0e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/teoria/riferimenti.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/* Il riferimento è un concetto non presente in C */
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+void lvalue();
+void rvalue();
+void move();
+int f();
+
+int main(){
+  //lvalue();
+  //rvalue();
+  move();
+  return 0;
+}
+void lvalue(){
+  /*  Il riferimento è come se fosse un puntatore, ma non devo usare la deferenziazione
+      per accedere al contenuto. è utile quando vogliamo passare dei parametri a puntatore
+      funzione per riferimento (risparmiando sulla copia) ma senza usare la sintassi
+      dei puntatori */
+
+      int var = 7;
+      int& riferimento = var;
+      riferimento++;
+      cout<<var<<endl; // stampa 8
+
+      // il che è esattamente equivalente a fare questo
+      int var2 = 7;
+      int* riferimento2 = &var2;
+      (*riferimento2)++;
+      cout<<*riferimento2;
+}
+void rvalue(){
+
+  /*
+    fare una cosa del genere
+    int k = f();
+    richiede una copia dal valore di ritorno di f() che sta sullo stack in k
+  */
+
+  // Per ottenere valori da una funione seza dover fare copie posso usare due metodi:
+  int&& x = f(); // questo è un riferimento, come se fosse un lvalue
+  int y = std::move(f());
+  cout<<x<<" "<<y<<endl;
+
+  /*
+    è consigliabile utilizzare std::move() al posto di && in quanto
+    x è un riferimento a un indirizzo sullo stack, e proprio per natura dello
+    stack, quella stessa porzione di memoria può essere riutilizzata e dunque
+    contenere risultati inattesi
+  */
+}
+void move(){
+  //La move può essere utilizzata per altri scopi
+
+  string s1 = "hello";
+  string s2 = "world";
+  cout<<s1<<" "<<s2<<endl; //hello world
+  s1 = move(s2);
+  cout<<s1<<" "<<s2<<endl; //world
+
+  /*
+    Quello che succede è che s1 ha LO STESSO oggetto di s2 senza fare copie.
+    Praticamente a s1 viene puntato il vecchio indirizzo di s2.
+    Lo standard non dice cosa avviene per s2. In questo caso il valore
+    di s2 viene impostato a "" (stringa vuota).
+
+    In realtà, se si analizzano i puntatori, si vede che non avviene nulla di
+    particolare. Il prof Mogavero ha detto che questo è normale perché
+    quello che faccio è stampare i puntatori della classe (string) e non
+    delle stringhe in sè.
+  */
+
+  int i1 = 100;
+  int i2 = 50;
+  i1 = move(i2);
+  cout<<i1<<" "<<i2<<endl; // Qui a differenza delle stinghe, il valore di i2 viene mantenuto
+
+  /*
+    N.B. move() viene creato dai programmatori e non è un qualcosa fatto dal compilatore.
+    Il move di interi e stringhe è fatto dalla libreria standard.
+  */
+
+}
+int f(){return 3;}