272 lines
16 KiB
TeX
272 lines
16 KiB
TeX
\documentclass{standalone}
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%
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\usepackage{tikz}
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\usetikzlibrary{backgrounds}
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\usetikzlibrary{calc}
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\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathmorphing}
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\usetikzlibrary{bending,arrows.meta}
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\usepackage{xcolor}
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%
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\definecolor{space}{HTML}{0A2543}
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\definecolor{earth}{HTML}{0089FA}
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\definecolor{mars}{HTML}{DC7B4E}
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\definecolor{mercury}{HTML}{846549}
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\definecolor{glasses}{HTML}{08663D}
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\definecolor{dida}{HTML}{FFDE00}
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\definecolor{title}{HTML}{FBA706}
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\definecolor{moon}{HTML}{AFAFAF}
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\definecolor{craterm}{HTML}{616060}
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\definecolor{linem}{HTML}{DBDBDB}
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\definecolor{core1}{HTML}{FF5E16}
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\definecolor{core2}{HTML}{FF9616}
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\definecolor{core3}{HTML}{FFD016}
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%
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\usepackage{fontspec}
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\setmainfont{Open Dyslexic}
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%
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\title{Fatti mercuriali}
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\begin{document}
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\tikzset{partial ellipse/.style args = {#1:#2:#3}{insert path={+ (#1:#3) arc (#1:#2:#3)}}}
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\begin{tikzpicture}[background rectangle/.style={fill=white},show background rectangle,>={[inset=0,angle'=27]Stealth}]
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%title
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\draw [black,ultra thick,fill=title] (0,8) rectangle (30,11.5);
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\node at (14,9.8) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{90}{91}\selectfont Fatti mercuriali}};
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%mercury
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\begin{scope}[scale=2.5]
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\coordinate (E) at (2.6,0.4);
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\coordinate (F) at (3.7,0.7);
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\draw[fill=mercury,ultra thick] (3,0.5) circle (2.1cm);
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%nose
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\draw[thick] (2.95,0.1) -- (3.05,-0.1) -- (2.9,0);
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%moustache
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\draw[ultra thick,fill=black,opacity=0.6] (2.95,-0.12) -- (3.05,-0.2) -- (3.15,-0.1) -- (3.65,-0.3) to[out=175,in=10] (2.45,-0.5) -- (2.95,-0.12);
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%mouth
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\begin{scope}[rotate around={10:(3.1,-0.5)}]
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\draw (3.1,-0.5) [thick, partial ellipse=200:340:0.4 and 0.2];
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\draw (3.1,-0.6) [thick, partial ellipse=240:300:0.2 and 0.2];
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\draw (3.25,-0.55) [thick, partial ellipse=-10:20:0.3 and 0.4];
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\draw (2.95,-0.55) [thick, partial ellipse=160:190:0.3 and 0.4];
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\end{scope}
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%eyes
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\draw (2.4,0.4) [fill=white, partial ellipse=0:180:0.15 and 0.6];
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\draw (3.5,0.4) [fill=white, partial ellipse=0:180:0.15 and 0.6];
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\draw (2.5,0.5) [fill=black, partial ellipse=-50:230:0.07 and 0.18];
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\draw (3.6,0.5) [fill=black, partial ellipse=-50:230:0.07 and 0.18];
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%glasses
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\draw (2.4,0.8) [fill=glasses, opacity=0.5, partial ellipse=180:360:0.3 and 0.5];
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\draw (2.4,0.8) [fill=glasses, opacity=0.5, partial ellipse=0:180:0.3 and 0.2];
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\draw (3.5,0.8) [fill=glasses, opacity=0.5, partial ellipse=180:360:0.3 and 0.5];
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\draw (3.5,0.8) [fill=glasses, opacity=0.5, partial ellipse=0:180:0.3 and 0.2];
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\draw (2.4,0.8) [ultra thick, color=yellow, partial ellipse=0:180:0.3 and 0.2];
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\draw (3.5,0.8) [ultra thick, color=yellow, partial ellipse=0:180:0.3 and 0.2];
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\draw (2.95,0.8) [ultra thick, color=yellow, partial ellipse=0:180:0.2 and 0.07];
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\end{scope}
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%dida mercury
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\begin{scope}[shift={(1,0)}]
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\draw[fill=dida,thick] (13,-2.2) rectangle (27.2,4.2);
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\node at (20,3.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Mercurio è il 1.o pianeta}};
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\node at (20,2.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont del sistema solare.}};
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\node at (20,1.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Non possiede né satelliti}};
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\node at (20,0.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont naturali né anelli planetari.}};
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\node at (20,-0.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Il suo periodo siderale è}};
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\node at (20,-1.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont poco meno di 88 giorni.}};
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\end{scope}
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%dimensions
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\begin{scope}[scale=0.8,shift={(24,-14.5)}]
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\draw[fill=space, ultra thick] (-22.5,8.5) rectangle (12.5,-9);
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\draw[fill=moon, ultra thick] (8,0) circle (2cm);
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\draw[fill=mercury, ultra thick] (0,0) circle (3.9cm);
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\draw[fill=earth, ultra thick] (-14,0) circle (7.34cm);
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%
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\draw[<->,earth] (-21.34,-8.5) -- (-6.66,-8.5) node [midway, above, sloped,opacity=1] (TextNode) {\textcolor{earth}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Terra: 12756 km}};
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\draw[<->,mercury] (-3.9,-5) -- (3.9,-5) node [midway, above, sloped,opacity=1] (TextNode) {\textcolor{mercury}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Mercurio: 4879 km}};
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\draw[<->,moon] (6,-3) -- (10,-3) node [midway, above, sloped,opacity=1] (TextNode) {\textcolor{moon}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Luna: 3476 km}};
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\end{scope}
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%orbits
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\begin{scope}[scale=1.5,shift={(0,-24)}]
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\coordinate (S) at (0,5);
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\coordinate (M) at (12,3);
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\coordinate (E) at (18,9);
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%
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\draw[fill=space, ultra thick] (0,10) rectangle (19,-1.9);
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%mars orbit
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\draw (S) [color=gray, opacity=0.5, ultra thick, partial ellipse=-29.5:21:12.1 and 14];
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%earth orbit
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\draw (S) [color=gray, opacity=0.5, ultra thick, partial ellipse=-29.5:21:18.8 and 14];
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%sun
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\draw[fill=white] (S) arc (90:-90:2) -- (S);
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%mercury
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\draw[fill=mercury] (M) circle (0.25cm);
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%earth
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\draw[fill=earth] (E) circle (0.5cm);
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%arrows
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\draw[<->,dashed,gray,opacity=0.5,ultra thick] (2.2,3) -- (11.7,3) node [midway, above, sloped,opacity=1] (TextNode) {\textcolor{mercury}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont 57,9 milioni di chilometri}};
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\draw[<->,dashed,gray,opacity=0.5,ultra thick] (2.15,3.7) -- (17.45,8.85) node [midway, above, sloped,opacity=1] (TextNode) {\textcolor{earth}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont 150 milioni di chilometri}};
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%
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\draw [fill=dida,thick] (0.3,9.5) rectangle (9.1,7.5);
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\node at (4.7,9) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Distanza media tra il Sole}};
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\node at (4.7,8) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont e le orbite di Mercurio e Terra}};
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\end{scope}
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%
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\begin{scope}[shift={(10,-35)}]
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\draw[fill=dida, thick] (1.9,1) rectangle (18.1,-3.8);
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\node at (10,0) {\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Un anno su Mercurio dura 88 giorni,};
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\node at (10,-1) {\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont poco meno di $1/4$ dell'anno terrestre.};
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\node at (10,-2) {\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont La sua temperatura media è di $167 ^\circ C$,};
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\node at (10,-3) {\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont con variazioni da $-183 ^\circ C$ a $+452 ^\circ C$.};
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\end{scope}
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%gravity
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-48)}]
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\draw [fill=space,ultra thick] (0.5,6.5) rectangle (29.5,-5);
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%on the earth
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\draw [fill=mars] (7,4.1) circle (0.5cm);
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\draw (7,3.8) [color=craterm,fill=linem,ultra thick,partial ellipse=200:340:3 and 0.5];
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\draw [color=craterm,ultra thick] (7,3) -- (7,3.3);
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\draw [color=craterm,fill=linem,ultra thick] (4,3) rectangle (10,-3);
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\foreach \o in {0,1,...,9}
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\draw [thick,rotate around={36*\o:(7,0)}] (7,2) -- (7,2.4);
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\draw [color=red,ultra thick,rotate around={-353.16:(7,0)}] (7,0) -- (7,1.8);
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\draw [fill=black] (7,0) circle (0.2cm);
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\draw [fill=earth,opacity=0.4] (7,0) circle (2.5cm);
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%on mercury
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\draw [fill=mars] (23,4.1) circle (0.5cm);
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\draw (23,3.8) [color=craterm,fill=linem,ultra thick,partial ellipse=200:340:3 and 0.5];
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\draw [color=craterm,ultra thick] (23,3) -- (23,3.3);
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\draw [color=craterm,fill=linem,ultra thick] (20,3) rectangle (26,-3);
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\foreach \o in {0,1,...,9}
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\draw [thick,rotate around={36*\o:(23,0)}] (23,2) -- (23,2.4);
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\draw [color=red,ultra thick,rotate around={-133.15:(23,0)}] (23,0) -- (23,1.8);
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\draw [fill=black] (23,0) circle (0.2cm);
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\draw [fill=earth,opacity=0.4] (23,0) circle (2.5cm);
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%
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\draw [thick,fill=title] (9,8.3) rectangle (21,6.3);
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\node at (15,7.3) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Accelerazione di gravità}};
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\node at (15,3) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Sulla Terra}};
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\node at (15,2) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont 9.81 m/s}};
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\node at (17,2.3) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{11}{12}\selectfont 2}};
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%
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\node at (15,0) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Su Mercurio}};
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\node at (15,-1) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont 3.7 m/s}};
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\node at (17,-0.7) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{11}{12}\selectfont 2}};
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\node at (15,-4) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Peso di 10 kg}};
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%
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\draw [fill=white,thick] (8.8,-4.5) rectangle (5.2,-3.5);
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\node at (7,-4) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont 98.1 N}};
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\draw [fill=white,thick] (24.8,-4.5) rectangle (21.2,-3.5);
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\node at (23,-4) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont 37 N}};
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\end{scope}
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%sincronous
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-60)}]
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\draw [fill=dida, thick] (12,4) rectangle (29,-4);
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\draw [fill=space, ultra thick] (1.5,5) rectangle (13,-4.95);
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\node at (7,0) {\includegraphics[width=10cm]{schiaparelli}};
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%
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\node at (21,3) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Giovanni Schiaparelli, direttore}};
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\node at (21,2) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont dell'Osservatorio Astronomico di}};
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\node at (21,1) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Brera, famoso per le sue}};
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\node at (21,0) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont osservazioni sul pianeta Marte,}};
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\node at (21,-1) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont nel 1889 aveva comunicato che, dai}};
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\node at (21,-2) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont suoi calcoli, Mercurio esponeva al}};
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\node at (21,-3) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Sole sempre la stessa faccia.}};
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%
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\draw [fill=dida, ultra thick] (1,-8) rectangle (18,-16);
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%
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\draw[fill=red!50!mercury, ultra thick] (23,-12) circle (5cm);
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\draw (25,-12) [fill=mercury, partial ellipse=101:259:5 and 5] (23,-12) [fill=mercury, partial ellipse=78:-78:5 and 5];
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\draw (28,-12) [fill=earth, opacity=0.4, partial ellipse=120:240:5 and 5] (23,-12) [fill=earth, opacity=0.4, partial ellipse=60:-60:5 and 5];
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%
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\node at (9.5,-9) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Da qui le teorie sulla superficie}};
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\node at (9.5,-10) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont mercuriana supponevano che il "lato}};
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\node at (9.5,-11) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont illuminato" presentasse metallo fuso,}};
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\node at (9.5,-12) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont mentre il "lato oscuro" presentasse}};
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\node at (9.5,-13) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont l'atmosfera primordiale in forma}};
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\node at (9.5,-14) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont ghiacciata. I due lati erano separati}};
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\node at (9.5,-15) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont da una "zona crepuscolare".}};
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%
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\draw[fill=space, ultra thick] (1,-17.5) rectangle (29,-30.5);
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\draw[ultra thick, color=white] (7,-30) -- (7,-29);
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\draw[fill=mercury, ultra thick] (7,-24) circle (5cm);
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\draw[->,ultra thick, color=white] (7,-20) -- (7,-18);
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\draw (7,-24) [->,ultra thick, color=white, partial ellipse=200:340:6 and 3];
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%
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\node at (21,-19) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Nel 1965 le osservazioni condotte}};
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\node at (21,-20) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont da Gordon Pettengill e R. Dyce}};
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\node at (21,-21) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont indicarono che Mercurio compiva}};
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\node at (21,-22) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont una rotazione intorno al suo asse}};
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\node at (21,-23) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont in circa 59 giorni. Questo permise}};
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\node at (21,-24) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont a Giuseppe Colombo di concludere}};
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\node at (21,-25) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont che il suo periodo di rotazione era}};
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\node at (21,-26) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont circa due terzi di quello orbitale.}};
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\node at (21,-27) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Dunque la rotazione di Mercurio non}};
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\node at (21,-28) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont è sincrona come aveva suggerito}};
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\node at (21,-29) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Schiaparelli intorno al 1880.}};
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\end{scope}
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%orbit
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-108)}]
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\draw [fill=space, ultra thick] (2,17) rectangle (20,-5);
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\draw [fill=white] (11,0) circle (2cm);
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%
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\foreach \i in {-1,0,1}
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{\begin{scope}[rotate around={(\i * 15):(11,0)}]
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\draw [color=white, ultra thick] (11,6) ellipse (6cm and 10cm);
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\draw [fill=mercury] (11,16) circle (0.5cm);
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\end{scope}}
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%
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\draw [fill=dida, thick] (20,14) rectangle (30,-2);
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\node at (25,13) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont L'orbita di Mercurio}};
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\node at (25,12) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont risulta ellittica solo}};
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\node at (25,11) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont in prima}};
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\node at (25,10) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont approssimazione.}};
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\node at (25,9) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Questo a causa della}};
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\node at (25,8) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont precessione del}};
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\node at (25,7) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont perielio, il punto di}};
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\node at (25,6) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont minima distanza dal}};
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\node at (25,5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Sole.}};
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\node at (25,4) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Tale anomalia venne}};
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\node at (25,3) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont spiegata per la prima}};
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\node at (25,2) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont volta nel 1915 da}};
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\node at (25,1) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Albert Einstein grazie}};
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\node at (25,0) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont alla teoria della}};
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\node at (25,-1) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont relatività generale.}};
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\end{scope}
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%structure
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-126)}]
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\draw [fill=earth, opacity=0.4] (15,0) circle (11cm);
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\draw [fill=mercury,ultra thick] (15,0) circle (10cm);
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\draw [fill=craterm] (15,0) [partial ellipse=-90:90:9.5 and 9.5] (15,0) [partial ellipse=90:270:4 and 9.5];
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%
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\draw [fill=core2] (15,0) [partial ellipse=-90:90:8.8 and 8.8] (15,0) [partial ellipse=90:270:3.4 and 8.8];
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\draw (15,9.5) -- (15,-9.5);
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\draw [fill=core1] (15,0) [partial ellipse=-90:90:7.3 and 7.3] (15,0) [partial ellipse=90:270:2.5 and 7.3];
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%
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\draw [<-,ultra thick] (16,9) -- (20.3,10);
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\draw [fill=dida,thick] (20.3,10) rectangle (27.2,12);
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\node at (22,11.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont crosta}};
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\node at (23.8,10.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{15}{16}\selectfont spessore: 100-200 km}};
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%
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\draw [<-,ultra thick] (16,7.9) -- (21.8,8.2);
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\draw [fill=dida,thick] (21.8,7.7) rectangle (27.4,9.7);
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\node at (24,9.2) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont mantello}};
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\node at (24.6,8.2) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{15}{16}\selectfont spessore: 600 km}};
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%
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\draw [<-,ultra thick] (16,2.3) -- (22.3,5.4);
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\draw [fill=dida,thick] (22.3,5.4) rectangle (27.5,7.4);
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\node at (24,6.9) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont nucleo}};
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\node at (24.9,5.9) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{15}{16}\selectfont raggio: 1800 km}};
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%
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\draw [->,ultra thick] (13,-12) -- (15,-10.5);
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\draw [fill=dida,thick] (2.8,-12) rectangle (22.2,-17);
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\node at (12.2,-13) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Mercurio non possiede una vera e propria}};
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\node at (12,-14) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont atmosfera, ma si possono trovare tracce}};
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\node at (12.2,-15) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont di alcuni gas: ossigeno ($42 \, \%$), sodio ($29 \, \%$),}};
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\node at (12.5,-16) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont idrogeno ($22 \, \%$), elio ($6 \, \%$) e potassio ($0.5 \, \%$).}};
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\end{scope}
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%
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-144.5)}]
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\node at (27,0) () {\includegraphics[width=3.7cm]{licenza}};
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\node at (18,-0.1) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{14}{15}\selectfont Testo e illustrazioni: @ulaulaman - Gianluigi Filippelli}};
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\end{scope}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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%
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\end{document}
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