From a013cd85542f89053d8041723772a25e6ef6052c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ulaulaman <34242086+ulaulaman@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 19 Dec 2019 16:18:27 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] Create mercury_facts.tex --- infographics/mercury_facts.tex | 271 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 271 insertions(+) create mode 100644 infographics/mercury_facts.tex diff --git a/infographics/mercury_facts.tex b/infographics/mercury_facts.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..73ff93b --- /dev/null +++ b/infographics/mercury_facts.tex @@ -0,0 +1,271 @@ +\documentclass{standalone} +% +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetikzlibrary{backgrounds} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathmorphing} +\usetikzlibrary{bending,arrows.meta} +\usepackage{xcolor} +% +\definecolor{space}{HTML}{0A2543} +\definecolor{earth}{HTML}{0089FA} +\definecolor{mars}{HTML}{DC7B4E} +\definecolor{mercury}{HTML}{846549} +\definecolor{glasses}{HTML}{08663D} +\definecolor{dida}{HTML}{FFDE00} +\definecolor{title}{HTML}{FBA706} +\definecolor{moon}{HTML}{AFAFAF} +\definecolor{craterm}{HTML}{616060} +\definecolor{linem}{HTML}{DBDBDB} +\definecolor{core1}{HTML}{FF5E16} +\definecolor{core2}{HTML}{FF9616} +\definecolor{core3}{HTML}{FFD016} +% +\usepackage{fontspec} +\setmainfont{Open Dyslexic} +% +\title{Fatti mercuriali} +\begin{document} + \tikzset{partial ellipse/.style args = {#1:#2:#3}{insert path={+ (#1:#3) arc (#1:#2:#3)}}} + \begin{tikzpicture}[background rectangle/.style={fill=white},show background rectangle,>={[inset=0,angle'=27]Stealth}] + %title + \draw [black,ultra thick,fill=title] (0,8) rectangle (30,11.5); + \node at (14,9.8) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{90}{91}\selectfont Fatti mercuriali}}; + %mercury + \begin{scope}[scale=2.5] + \coordinate (E) at (2.6,0.4); + \coordinate (F) at (3.7,0.7); + \draw[fill=mercury,ultra thick] (3,0.5) circle (2.1cm); + %nose + \draw[thick] (2.95,0.1) -- (3.05,-0.1) -- (2.9,0); + %moustache + \draw[ultra thick,fill=black,opacity=0.6] (2.95,-0.12) -- (3.05,-0.2) -- (3.15,-0.1) -- (3.65,-0.3) to[out=175,in=10] (2.45,-0.5) -- (2.95,-0.12); + %mouth + \begin{scope}[rotate around={10:(3.1,-0.5)}] + \draw (3.1,-0.5) [thick, partial ellipse=200:340:0.4 and 0.2]; + \draw (3.1,-0.6) [thick, partial ellipse=240:300:0.2 and 0.2]; + \draw (3.25,-0.55) [thick, partial ellipse=-10:20:0.3 and 0.4]; + \draw (2.95,-0.55) [thick, partial ellipse=160:190:0.3 and 0.4]; + \end{scope} + %eyes + \draw (2.4,0.4) [fill=white, partial ellipse=0:180:0.15 and 0.6]; + \draw (3.5,0.4) [fill=white, partial ellipse=0:180:0.15 and 0.6]; + \draw (2.5,0.5) [fill=black, partial ellipse=-50:230:0.07 and 0.18]; + \draw (3.6,0.5) [fill=black, partial ellipse=-50:230:0.07 and 0.18]; + %glasses + \draw (2.4,0.8) [fill=glasses, opacity=0.5, partial ellipse=180:360:0.3 and 0.5]; + \draw (2.4,0.8) [fill=glasses, opacity=0.5, partial ellipse=0:180:0.3 and 0.2]; + \draw (3.5,0.8) [fill=glasses, opacity=0.5, partial ellipse=180:360:0.3 and 0.5]; + \draw (3.5,0.8) [fill=glasses, opacity=0.5, partial ellipse=0:180:0.3 and 0.2]; + \draw (2.4,0.8) [ultra thick, color=yellow, partial ellipse=0:180:0.3 and 0.2]; + \draw (3.5,0.8) [ultra thick, color=yellow, partial ellipse=0:180:0.3 and 0.2]; + \draw (2.95,0.8) [ultra thick, color=yellow, partial ellipse=0:180:0.2 and 0.07]; + \end{scope} + %dida mercury + \begin{scope}[shift={(1,0)}] + \draw[fill=dida,thick] (13,-2.2) rectangle (27.2,4.2); + \node at (20,3.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Mercurio è il 1.o pianeta}}; + \node at (20,2.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont del sistema solare.}}; + \node at (20,1.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Non possiede né satelliti}}; + \node at (20,0.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont naturali né anelli planetari.}}; + \node at (20,-0.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Il suo periodo siderale è}}; + \node at (20,-1.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont poco meno di 88 giorni.}}; + \end{scope} + %dimensions + \begin{scope}[scale=0.8,shift={(24,-14.5)}] + \draw[fill=space, ultra thick] (-22.5,8.5) rectangle (12.5,-9); + \draw[fill=moon, ultra thick] (8,0) circle (2cm); + \draw[fill=mercury, ultra thick] (0,0) circle (3.9cm); + \draw[fill=earth, ultra thick] (-14,0) circle (7.34cm); + % + \draw[<->,earth] (-21.34,-8.5) -- (-6.66,-8.5) node [midway, above, sloped,opacity=1] (TextNode) {\textcolor{earth}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Terra: 12756 km}}; + \draw[<->,mercury] (-3.9,-5) -- (3.9,-5) node [midway, above, sloped,opacity=1] (TextNode) {\textcolor{mercury}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Mercurio: 4879 km}}; + \draw[<->,moon] (6,-3) -- (10,-3) node [midway, above, sloped,opacity=1] (TextNode) {\textcolor{moon}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Luna: 3476 km}}; + \end{scope} + %orbits + \begin{scope}[scale=1.5,shift={(0,-24)}] + \coordinate (S) at (0,5); + \coordinate (M) at (12,3); + \coordinate (E) at (18,9); + % + \draw[fill=space, ultra thick] (0,10) rectangle (19,-1.9); + %mars orbit + \draw (S) [color=gray, opacity=0.5, ultra thick, partial ellipse=-29.5:21:12.1 and 14]; + %earth orbit + \draw (S) [color=gray, opacity=0.5, ultra thick, partial ellipse=-29.5:21:18.8 and 14]; + %sun + \draw[fill=white] (S) arc (90:-90:2) -- (S); + %mercury + \draw[fill=mercury] (M) circle (0.25cm); + %earth + \draw[fill=earth] (E) circle (0.5cm); + %arrows + \draw[<->,dashed,gray,opacity=0.5,ultra thick] (2.2,3) -- (11.7,3) node [midway, above, sloped,opacity=1] (TextNode) {\textcolor{mercury}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont 57,9 milioni di chilometri}}; + \draw[<->,dashed,gray,opacity=0.5,ultra thick] (2.15,3.7) -- (17.45,8.85) node [midway, above, sloped,opacity=1] (TextNode) {\textcolor{earth}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont 150 milioni di chilometri}}; + % + \draw [fill=dida,thick] (0.3,9.5) rectangle (9.1,7.5); + \node at (4.7,9) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Distanza media tra il Sole}}; + \node at (4.7,8) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont e le orbite di Mercurio e Terra}}; + \end{scope} + % + \begin{scope}[shift={(10,-35)}] + \draw[fill=dida, thick] (1.9,1) rectangle (18.1,-3.8); + \node at (10,0) {\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Un anno su Mercurio dura 88 giorni,}; + \node at (10,-1) {\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont poco meno di $1/4$ dell'anno terrestre.}; + \node at (10,-2) {\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont La sua temperatura media è di $167 ^\circ C$,}; + \node at (10,-3) {\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont con variazioni da $-183 ^\circ C$ a $+452 ^\circ C$.}; + \end{scope} + %gravity + \begin{scope}[shift={(0,-48)}] + \draw [fill=space,ultra thick] (0.5,6.5) rectangle (29.5,-5); + %on the earth + \draw [fill=mars] (7,4.1) circle (0.5cm); + \draw (7,3.8) [color=craterm,fill=linem,ultra thick,partial ellipse=200:340:3 and 0.5]; + \draw [color=craterm,ultra thick] (7,3) -- (7,3.3); + \draw [color=craterm,fill=linem,ultra thick] (4,3) rectangle (10,-3); + \foreach \o in {0,1,...,9} + \draw [thick,rotate around={36*\o:(7,0)}] (7,2) -- (7,2.4); + \draw [color=red,ultra thick,rotate around={-353.16:(7,0)}] (7,0) -- (7,1.8); + \draw [fill=black] (7,0) circle (0.2cm); + \draw [fill=earth,opacity=0.4] (7,0) circle (2.5cm); + %on mercury + \draw [fill=mars] (23,4.1) circle (0.5cm); + \draw (23,3.8) [color=craterm,fill=linem,ultra thick,partial ellipse=200:340:3 and 0.5]; + \draw [color=craterm,ultra thick] (23,3) -- (23,3.3); + \draw [color=craterm,fill=linem,ultra thick] (20,3) rectangle (26,-3); + \foreach \o in {0,1,...,9} + \draw [thick,rotate around={36*\o:(23,0)}] (23,2) -- (23,2.4); + \draw [color=red,ultra thick,rotate around={-133.15:(23,0)}] (23,0) -- (23,1.8); + \draw [fill=black] (23,0) circle (0.2cm); + \draw [fill=earth,opacity=0.4] (23,0) circle (2.5cm); + % + \draw [thick,fill=title] (9,8.3) rectangle (21,6.3); + \node at (15,7.3) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Accelerazione di gravità}}; + \node at (15,3) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Sulla Terra}}; + \node at (15,2) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont 9.81 m/s}}; + \node at (17,2.3) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{11}{12}\selectfont 2}}; + % + \node at (15,0) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Su Mercurio}}; + \node at (15,-1) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont 3.7 m/s}}; + \node at (17,-0.7) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{11}{12}\selectfont 2}}; + \node at (15,-4) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Peso di 10 kg}}; + % + \draw [fill=white,thick] (8.8,-4.5) rectangle (5.2,-3.5); + \node at (7,-4) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont 98.1 N}}; + \draw [fill=white,thick] (24.8,-4.5) rectangle (21.2,-3.5); + \node at (23,-4) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont 37 N}}; + \end{scope} + %sincronous + \begin{scope}[shift={(0,-60)}] + \draw [fill=dida, thick] (12,4) rectangle (29,-4); + \draw [fill=space, ultra thick] (1.5,5) rectangle (13,-4.95); + \node at (7,0) {\includegraphics[width=10cm]{schiaparelli}}; + % + \node at (21,3) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Giovanni Schiaparelli, direttore}}; + \node at (21,2) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont dell'Osservatorio Astronomico di}}; + \node at (21,1) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Brera, famoso per le sue}}; + \node at (21,0) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont osservazioni sul pianeta Marte,}}; + \node at (21,-1) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont nel 1889 aveva comunicato che, dai}}; + \node at (21,-2) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont suoi calcoli, Mercurio esponeva al}}; + \node at (21,-3) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Sole sempre la stessa faccia.}}; + % + \draw [fill=dida, ultra thick] (1,-8) rectangle (18,-16); + % + \draw[fill=red!50!mercury, ultra thick] (23,-12) circle (5cm); + \draw (25,-12) [fill=mercury, partial ellipse=101:259:5 and 5] (23,-12) [fill=mercury, partial ellipse=78:-78:5 and 5]; + \draw (28,-12) [fill=earth, opacity=0.4, partial ellipse=120:240:5 and 5] (23,-12) [fill=earth, opacity=0.4, partial ellipse=60:-60:5 and 5]; + % + \node at (9.5,-9) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Da qui le teorie sulla superficie}}; + \node at (9.5,-10) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont mercuriana supponevano che il "lato}}; + \node at (9.5,-11) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont illuminato" presentasse metallo fuso,}}; + \node at (9.5,-12) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont mentre il "lato oscuro" presentasse}}; + \node at (9.5,-13) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont l'atmosfera primordiale in forma}}; + \node at (9.5,-14) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont ghiacciata. I due lati erano separati}}; + \node at (9.5,-15) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont da una "zona crepuscolare".}}; + % + \draw[fill=space, ultra thick] (1,-17.5) rectangle (29,-30.5); + \draw[ultra thick, color=white] (7,-30) -- (7,-29); + \draw[fill=mercury, ultra thick] (7,-24) circle (5cm); + \draw[->,ultra thick, color=white] (7,-20) -- (7,-18); + \draw (7,-24) [->,ultra thick, color=white, partial ellipse=200:340:6 and 3]; + % + \node at (21,-19) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Nel 1965 le osservazioni condotte}}; + \node at (21,-20) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont da Gordon Pettengill e R. Dyce}}; + \node at (21,-21) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont indicarono che Mercurio compiva}}; + \node at (21,-22) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont una rotazione intorno al suo asse}}; + \node at (21,-23) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont in circa 59 giorni. Questo permise}}; + \node at (21,-24) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont a Giuseppe Colombo di concludere}}; + \node at (21,-25) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont che il suo periodo di rotazione era}}; + \node at (21,-26) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont circa due terzi di quello orbitale.}}; + \node at (21,-27) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Dunque la rotazione di Mercurio non}}; + \node at (21,-28) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont è sincrona come aveva suggerito}}; + \node at (21,-29) {\textcolor{white}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Schiaparelli intorno al 1880.}}; + \end{scope} + %orbit + \begin{scope}[shift={(0,-108)}] + \draw [fill=space, ultra thick] (2,17) rectangle (20,-5); + \draw [fill=white] (11,0) circle (2cm); + % + \foreach \i in {-1,0,1} + {\begin{scope}[rotate around={(\i * 15):(11,0)}] + \draw [color=white, ultra thick] (11,6) ellipse (6cm and 10cm); + \draw [fill=mercury] (11,16) circle (0.5cm); + \end{scope}} + % + \draw [fill=dida, thick] (20,14) rectangle (30,-2); + \node at (25,13) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont L'orbita di Mercurio}}; + \node at (25,12) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont risulta ellittica solo}}; + \node at (25,11) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont in prima}}; + \node at (25,10) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont approssimazione.}}; + \node at (25,9) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Questo a causa della}}; + \node at (25,8) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont precessione del}}; + \node at (25,7) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont perielio, il punto di}}; + \node at (25,6) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont minima distanza dal}}; + \node at (25,5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Sole.}}; + \node at (25,4) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Tale anomalia venne}}; + \node at (25,3) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont spiegata per la prima}}; + \node at (25,2) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont volta nel 1915 da}}; + \node at (25,1) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Albert Einstein grazie}}; + \node at (25,0) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont alla teoria della}}; + \node at (25,-1) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont relatività generale.}}; + \end{scope} + %structure + \begin{scope}[shift={(0,-126)}] + \draw [fill=earth, opacity=0.4] (15,0) circle (11cm); + \draw [fill=mercury,ultra thick] (15,0) circle (10cm); + \draw [fill=craterm] (15,0) [partial ellipse=-90:90:9.5 and 9.5] (15,0) [partial ellipse=90:270:4 and 9.5]; + % + \draw [fill=core2] (15,0) [partial ellipse=-90:90:8.8 and 8.8] (15,0) [partial ellipse=90:270:3.4 and 8.8]; + \draw (15,9.5) -- (15,-9.5); + \draw [fill=core1] (15,0) [partial ellipse=-90:90:7.3 and 7.3] (15,0) [partial ellipse=90:270:2.5 and 7.3]; + % + \draw [<-,ultra thick] (16,9) -- (20.3,10); + \draw [fill=dida,thick] (20.3,10) rectangle (27.2,12); + \node at (22,11.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont crosta}}; + \node at (23.8,10.5) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{15}{16}\selectfont spessore: 100-200 km}}; + % + \draw [<-,ultra thick] (16,7.9) -- (21.8,8.2); + \draw [fill=dida,thick] (21.8,7.7) rectangle (27.4,9.7); + \node at (24,9.2) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont mantello}}; + \node at (24.6,8.2) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{15}{16}\selectfont spessore: 600 km}}; + % + \draw [<-,ultra thick] (16,2.3) -- (22.3,5.4); + \draw [fill=dida,thick] (22.3,5.4) rectangle (27.5,7.4); + \node at (24,6.9) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont nucleo}}; + \node at (24.9,5.9) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{15}{16}\selectfont raggio: 1800 km}}; + % + \draw [->,ultra thick] (13,-12) -- (15,-10.5); + \draw [fill=dida,thick] (2.8,-12) rectangle (22.2,-17); + \node at (12.2,-13) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont Mercurio non possiede una vera e propria}}; + \node at (12,-14) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont atmosfera, ma si possono trovare tracce}}; + \node at (12.2,-15) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont di alcuni gas: ossigeno ($42 \, \%$), sodio ($29 \, \%$),}}; + \node at (12.5,-16) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{23}{24}\selectfont idrogeno ($22 \, \%$), elio ($6 \, \%$) e potassio ($0.5 \, \%$).}}; + \end{scope} + % + \begin{scope}[shift={(0,-144.5)}] + \node at (27,0) () {\includegraphics[width=3.7cm]{licenza}}; + \node at (18,-0.1) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{14}{15}\selectfont Testo e illustrazioni: @ulaulaman - Gianluigi Filippelli}}; + \end{scope} + \end{tikzpicture} +% +\end{document}