147 lines
8.3 KiB
TeX
147 lines
8.3 KiB
TeX
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\documentclass{standalone}
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%
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\usepackage{tikz}
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\usetikzlibrary{backgrounds}
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\usetikzlibrary{calc}
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\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathmorphing}
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\usetikzlibrary{bending,arrows.meta}
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\usetikzlibrary{shapes.callouts}
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\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric}
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\usetikzlibrary{shapes.arrows}
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\usepackage{array}
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%
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\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
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%
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%\usepackage{dsfont}
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%
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\usepackage{xcolor}
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\definecolor{space}{HTML}{1F2C4E}
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\definecolor{earth}{HTML}{0089FA}
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\definecolor{mars}{HTML}{DC7B4E}
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\definecolor{dida}{HTML}{FFDE00}
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\definecolor{title}{HTML}{FBA706}
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%
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\usepackage{amsmath}
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%
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\usepackage{fontspec}
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\setmainfont{Open Dyslexic}
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%
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\title{I raggi cosmici}
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%
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\begin{document}
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\tikzset{partial ellipse/.style args = {#1:#2:#3}{insert path={+ (#1:#3) arc (#1:#2:#3)}},
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line/.style = { draw, ultra thick, ->, shorten >=2pt },
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particle/.style = { circle, draw=black, ultra thick, fill=dida, text width=8em, text centered, minimum height=5em },
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plus/.style = { circle, draw=black, ultra thick, fill=mars, text width=8em, text centered, minimum height=5em },
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menus/.style = { circle, draw=black, ultra thick, fill=space, text width=8em, text centered, minimum height=5em },
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neutro/.style = { circle, draw=black, ultra thick, fill=white, text width=8em, text centered, minimum height=5em },
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opt/.style = { rectangle, draw=black, ultra thick, fill=earth!50!white, text width=12em, text centered, minimum height=5em },
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notice/.style = { draw, ellipse callout, callout relative pointer={#1} },
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}
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\begin{tikzpicture}[background rectangle/.style={fill=white},show background rectangle,>={[inset=0,angle'=27]Stealth},my arrow/.style={decorate,decoration={markings,mark=at position 0.5 with {\arrow[scale=1.5]{>}};}}]
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%title
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\draw [black,ultra thick,fill=title] (0,2) rectangle (30,-2);
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\node (example-textwidth-2) [right, align=center, text width=30cm, color=black, font=\fontsize{65pt}{66pt}\selectfont] at (0,0) {I raggi cosmici};
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%
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-7)}]
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%\draw [ultra thick, fill=earth] (20.5,4) rectangle (25.5,-4);
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\node at (23,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{carl_sagan}};
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\node (example-textwidth-2) [notice={(3,0.5)}, ultra thick, right, align=center, text width=12cm, color=black, fill=white, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (1,-1) {L'esistenza di una radiazione altamente penetrante fu osservata sin dagli inizi del XX secolo quando numerosi ricercatori notarono che gli elettroscopi si scaricavano anche quando schermati.};
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\end{scope}
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%
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-16)}]
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\draw [fill=dida, ultra thick] (2,2) rectangle (28,-2);
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\node (example-textwidth-2) [right, align=left, text width=25cm, color=black, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (2.5,0) {I primi a dimostrare l'origine extraterrestre dei raggi cosmici furono \textbf{Victor Franz Hess} con il famoso esperimento della mongolfiera del 1912, e \textbf{Domenico Pacini}.};
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\end{scope}
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%
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-22)}]
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\node at (7,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{carl_sagan}};
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\node (example-textwidth-2) [notice={(-3,0.5)}, ultra thick, right, align=center, text width=12cm, color=black, fill=white, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (12,-1) {Per questa scoperta venne assegnato il Premio Nobel nel 1936 al solo Hess: Pacini era deceduto appena due anni prima.};
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\end{scope}
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%
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-29)}]
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\draw [fill=dida, ultra thick] (2,2.5) rectangle (28,-2.5);
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\node (example-textwidth-2) [right, align=left, text width=25cm, color=black, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (2.5,0) {I raggi cosmici primari, quelli che colpiscono l'atmosfera, sono particelle altamente energetiche, per lo piu' protoni, prodotte dai processi nucleari che avvengono all'interno delle stelle.};
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\end{scope}
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%
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-35)}]
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\draw [fill=space] (2,2) rectangle (28,-15);
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\tkzDefPoint(25,0){S}
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\tkzDefPoint(26,0){Rs}
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\tkzDrawCircle[fill=white](S,Rs)
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\tkzDefPoint(7,-10){E}
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\tkzDefPoint(10,-10){Re}
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\tkzDefPoint(10,-11){Ra}
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\tkzDrawCircle[fill=earth!50!white](E,Ra)
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\tkzDrawCircle[fill=earth](E,Re)
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\tkzDefPoint(24,-1){I}
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\tkzDefPoint(11,-9){F}
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\draw[->,ultra thick,color=white] (I) -- (F);
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\end{scope}
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%
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-54)}]
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\draw [fill=dida, ultra thick] (2,2.5) rectangle (28,-2.5);
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\node (example-textwidth-2) [right, align=left, text width=25cm, color=black, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (2.5,0) {Questi protoni interagiscono con l'atmosfera terrestre e generano una vera e propria cascata di particelle, schematizzata secondo il diagramma qui sotto, che costituiscono i raggi cosmici secondari.};
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\end{scope}
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%
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-60)}]
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\tkzDefPoint(15,-10){N1}
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\node (inizio) [plus, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (15,0) {p};
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\node (collisioni1) [opt, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (15,-5) {Collisioni nucleari};
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\node (neutrone) [neutro, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (0,-15) {n};
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\tkzDefPoint(0,-22){N6}
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\node (protone1) [plus, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (6,-15) {p};
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\node (pione1) [neutro, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (12,-15) {$\Pi^0$};
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\tkzDefPoint(12,-19){N2}
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\node (pione2) [plus, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (18,-15) {$\Pi^+$};
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\tkzDefPoint(18,-25){N4}
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\node (pione3) [menus, align=center, font=\color{white}\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (24,-15) {$\Pi^-$};
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\tkzDefPoint(24,-30){N5}
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\node (antimateria) [opt, align=center, font=\fontsize{18pt}{19pt}\selectfont] at (30,-15) {Antimateria};
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\tkzDefPoint(30,-22){N7}
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\node (collisioni2) [opt, align=center, font=\fontsize{18pt}{19pt}\selectfont] at (6,-28) {Collisioni nucleari};
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\tkzDefPoint(6,-30){N3}
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\node (pione4) [neutro, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (5,-33) {$\Pi^0$};
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\node (pione5) [plus, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (10,-33) {$\Pi^+$};
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\node (pione6) [menus, align=center, font=\color{white}\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (15,-33) {$\Pi^-$};
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\node (protone2) [plus, align=center, font=\fontsize{15pt}{16pt}\selectfont] at (0,-33) {p};
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\node (gamma1) [particle, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (8,-22) {$\gamma$};
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\node (gamma2) [particle, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (16,-22) {$\gamma$};
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\node (coppia) [opt, align=center, font=\fontsize{18pt}{19pt}\selectfont] at (12,-26) {Produzione di coppia};
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\node (muone1) [plus, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (16,-28) {$\mu^+$};
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\node (neutrino1) [neutro, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (20,-28) {$\nu$};
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\node (muone2) [menus, align=center, font=\color{white}\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (22,-33) {$\mu^-$};
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\node (neutrino2) [neutro, align=center, font=\fontsize{23pt}{24pt}\selectfont] at (26,-33) {$\bar\nu$};
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%
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\begin{scope}[every path/.style=line]
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\path (inizio) -- (collisioni1);
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\path (collisioni1) -- (N1) -- (0,-10) -- (neutrone);
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\path (collisioni1) -- (N1) -- (6,-10) -- (protone1);
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\path (collisioni1) -- (N1) -- (12,-10) -- (pione1);
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\path (collisioni1) -- (N1) -- (18,-10) -- (pione2);
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\path (collisioni1) -- (N1) -- (24,-10) -- (pione3);
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\path (collisioni1) -- (N1) -- (30,-10) -- (antimateria);
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\path (protone1) -- (collisioni2);
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\path (collisioni2) -- (N3) -- (5,-30) -- (pione4);
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\path (collisioni2) -- (N3) -- (10,-30) -- (pione5);
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\path (collisioni2) -- (N3) -- (15,-30) -- (pione6);
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\path (collisioni2) -- (N3) -- (0,-30) -- (protone2);
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\path (pione1) -- (N2) -- (8,-19) -- (gamma1);
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\path (pione1) -- (N2) -- (16,-19) -- (gamma2);
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\path (gamma1) -- (coppia);
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\path (gamma2) -- (coppia);
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\path (pione2) -- (N4) -- (16,-25) -- (muone1);
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\path (pione2) -- (N4) -- (20,-25) -- (neutrino1);
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\path (pione3) -- (N5) -- (22,-30) -- (muone2);
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\path (pione3) -- (N5) -- (26,-30) -- (neutrino2);
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\path [dashed] (neutrone) -- (N6);
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\path [dashed] (antimateria) -- (N7);
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\end{scope}
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\end{scope}
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%
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\begin{scope}[shift={(0,-96)}]
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\node at (27,0) () {\includegraphics[width=3.7cm]{licenza}};
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\node at (18,-0.1) {\textcolor{black}{\fontsize{14}{15}\selectfont Testo e illustrazioni: @ulaulaman - Gianluigi Filippelli}};
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\end{scope}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{document}
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