ceftests: Add HSTS redirect test (see issue #3336, see issue #3348)

cef_paths2.gypi

@@ -186,6 +186,8 @@
       'tests/shared/common/client_app_other.h',
       'tests/shared/common/client_switches.cc',
       'tests/shared/common/client_switches.h',
+      'tests/shared/common/string_util.cc',
+      'tests/shared/common/string_util.h',
     ],
     'shared_sources_renderer': [
       'tests/shared/renderer/client_app_renderer.cc',
@@ -476,6 +478,7 @@
       'tests/ceftests/file_util_unittest.cc',
       'tests/ceftests/frame_handler_unittest.cc',
       'tests/ceftests/frame_unittest.cc',
+      'tests/ceftests/hsts_redirect_unittest.cc',
       'tests/ceftests/image_unittest.cc',
       'tests/ceftests/image_util.cc',
       'tests/ceftests/image_util.h',

libcef/browser/test/test_server_impl.cc

@@ -184,6 +184,13 @@ class CefTestServerImpl::Context {
     test_server_->RegisterRequestHandler(
         base::BindRepeating(&Context::HandleRequest, base::Unretained(this)));
 
+    if (https_server) {
+      // Use a "localhost" domain certificate instead of IP address. This is
+      // required for HSTS tests (see https://crbug.com/456712).
+      test_server_->SetSSLConfig(
+          EmbeddedTestServer::CERT_COMMON_NAME_IS_DOMAIN);
+    }
+
     test_server_handle_ =
         test_server_->StartAndReturnHandle(static_cast<int>(port));
     if (!test_server_handle_) {

tests/cefclient/browser/client_handler.cc

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include "tests/shared/browser/resource_util.h"
 #include "tests/shared/common/binary_value_utils.h"
 #include "tests/shared/common/client_switches.h"
+#include "tests/shared/common/string_util.h"
 
 namespace client {
 
@@ -1047,12 +1048,9 @@ void ClientHandler::OnRenderProcessTerminated(CefRefPtr<CefBrowser> browser,
   if (url.empty())
     return;
 
-  std::string start_url = startup_url_;
-
   // Convert URLs to lowercase for easier comparison.
-  std::transform(url.begin(), url.end(), url.begin(), tolower);
+  url = AsciiStrToLower(url);
-  std::transform(start_url.begin(), start_url.end(), start_url.begin(),
+  const std::string& start_url = AsciiStrToLower(startup_url_);
-                 tolower);
 
   // Don't reload the URL that just resulted in termination.
   if (url.find(start_url) == 0)

tests/cefclient/browser/image_cache.cc

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "tests/shared/browser/file_util.h"
 #include "tests/shared/browser/resource_util.h"
+#include "tests/shared/common/string_util.h"
 
 namespace client {
 
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ ImageCache::ImageType ImageCache::GetImageType(const std::string& path) {
   if (ext.empty())
     return TYPE_NONE;
 
-  std::transform(ext.begin(), ext.end(), ext.begin(), tolower);
+  ext = AsciiStrToLower(ext);
   if (ext == "png")
     return TYPE_PNG;
   if (ext == "jpg" || ext == "jpeg")

tests/cefclient/browser/main_context_impl.cc

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "include/cef_parser.h"
 #include "tests/shared/browser/client_app_browser.h"
 #include "tests/shared/common/client_switches.h"
+#include "tests/shared/common/string_util.h"
 
 namespace client {
 
@@ -19,10 +20,7 @@ const char kDefaultUrl[] = "http://www.google.com";
 
 // Returns the ARGB value for |color|.
 cef_color_t ParseColor(const std::string& color) {
-  std::string colorToLower;
+  const std::string& colorToLower = AsciiStrToLower(color);
-  colorToLower.resize(color.size());
-  std::transform(color.begin(), color.end(), colorToLower.begin(), ::tolower);
-
   if (colorToLower == "black")
     return CefColorSetARGB(255, 0, 0, 0);
   else if (colorToLower == "blue")

tests/cefclient/browser/test_runner.cc

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "tests/cefclient/browser/urlrequest_test.h"
 #include "tests/cefclient/browser/window_test.h"
 #include "tests/shared/browser/resource_util.h"
+#include "tests/shared/common/string_util.h"
 
 namespace client {
 namespace test_runner {
@@ -54,31 +55,13 @@ void LoadStringResourcePage(CefRefPtr<CefBrowser> browser,
   browser->GetMainFrame()->LoadURL(kTestOrigin + page);
 }
 
-// Replace all instances of |from| with |to| in |str|.
-std::string StringReplace(const std::string& str,
-                          const std::string& from,
-                          const std::string& to) {
-  std::string result = str;
-  std::string::size_type pos = 0;
-  std::string::size_type from_len = from.length();
-  std::string::size_type to_len = to.length();
-  do {
-    pos = result.find(from, pos);
-    if (pos != std::string::npos) {
-      result.replace(pos, from_len, to);
-      pos += to_len;
-    }
-  } while (pos != std::string::npos);
-  return result;
-}
-
 void RunGetSourceTest(CefRefPtr<CefBrowser> browser) {
   class Visitor : public CefStringVisitor {
    public:
     explicit Visitor(CefRefPtr<CefBrowser> browser) : browser_(browser) {}
     virtual void Visit(const CefString& string) override {
-      std::string source = StringReplace(string, "<", "&lt;");
+      std::string source = AsciiStrReplace(string, "<", "&lt;");
-      source = StringReplace(source, ">", "&gt;");
+      source = AsciiStrReplace(source, ">", "&gt;");
       std::stringstream ss;
       ss << "<html><body bgcolor=\"white\">Source:<pre>" << source
          << "</pre></body></html>";
@@ -98,8 +81,8 @@ void RunGetTextTest(CefRefPtr<CefBrowser> browser) {
    public:
     explicit Visitor(CefRefPtr<CefBrowser> browser) : browser_(browser) {}
     virtual void Visit(const CefString& string) override {
-      std::string text = StringReplace(string, "<", "&lt;");
+      std::string text = AsciiStrReplace(string, "<", "&lt;");
-      text = StringReplace(text, ">", "&gt;");
+      text = AsciiStrReplace(text, ">", "&gt;");
       std::stringstream ss;
       ss << "<html><body bgcolor=\"white\">Text:<pre>" << text
          << "</pre></body></html>";
@@ -649,8 +632,7 @@ CefRefPtr<CefStreamReader> GetDumpResponse(
 
     CefRequest::HeaderMap::const_iterator it = requestMap.begin();
     for (; it != requestMap.end(); ++it) {
-      std::string key = it->first;
+      const std::string& key = AsciiStrToLower(it->first);
-      std::transform(key.begin(), key.end(), key.begin(), ::tolower);
       if (key == "origin") {
         origin = it->second;
         break;
@@ -801,8 +783,8 @@ void Alert(CefRefPtr<CefBrowser> browser, const std::string& message) {
   }
 
   // Escape special characters in the message.
-  std::string msg = StringReplace(message, "\\", "\\\\");
+  std::string msg = AsciiStrReplace(message, "\\", "\\\\");
-  msg = StringReplace(msg, "'", "\\'");
+  msg = AsciiStrReplace(msg, "'", "\\'");
 
   // Execute a JavaScript alert().
   CefRefPtr<CefFrame> frame = browser->GetMainFrame();

tests/ceftests/cookie_unittest.cc

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "tests/ceftests/test_suite.h"
 #include "tests/ceftests/test_util.h"
 #include "tests/gtest/include/gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "tests/shared/common/string_util.h"
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -1113,7 +1114,7 @@ class CookieAccessResponseHandler {
 std::string GetHeaderValue(const CefServer::HeaderMap& header_map,
                            const std::string& header_name_lower) {
   for (const auto& [name, value] : header_map) {
-    if (AsciiStrToLower(name) == header_name_lower) {
+    if (client::AsciiStrToLower(name) == header_name_lower) {
       return value;
     }
   }

tests/ceftests/hsts_redirect_unittest.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2022 The Chromium Embedded Framework Authors. All rights
+// reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that
+// can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "include/base/cef_callback.h"
+#include "include/wrapper/cef_closure_task.h"
+#include "tests/ceftests/test_handler.h"
+#include "tests/ceftests/test_server.h"
+#include "tests/ceftests/test_server_observer.h"
+#include "tests/gtest/include/gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "tests/shared/common/string_util.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+// Set the "Strict-Transport-Security" header on an HTTPS response to enable
+// HSTS redirects for follow-up HTTP requests to the same origin. See
+// https://www.chromium.org/hsts/.
+//
+// HSTS is implemented in the network service so real servers are required to
+// test the redirect behavior. It also requires a "localhost" domain certificate
+// instead of IP address (see https://crbug.com/456712). See additional comments
+// in OnResourceRedirect about redirect behavior with non-standard port numbers.
+//
+// The test works as follows:
+// 1. Start HTTP and HTTPS servers.
+// 2. Load an HTTP URL that redirects to an HTTPS URL.
+// 3. Set the "Strict-Transport-Security" header in response to the first HTTPS
+//    request.
+// 4. Load the same HTTP URL additional times to trigger the internal HTTP to
+//    HTTPS redirect.
+
+// Number of times to load the same HTTP URL. Must be > 1.
+constexpr size_t kHSTSLoadCount = 3;
+
+constexpr char kHSTSURLPath[] = "/index.html";
+
+// Used to observe HTTP and HTTPS server requests.
+class HSTSTestServerObserver : public test_server::ObserverHelper {
+ public:
+  using ReadyCallback = base::OnceCallback<void(const std::string& url)>;
+
+  HSTSTestServerObserver(bool https_server,
+                         size_t& nav_ct,
+                         TrackCallback (&got_request)[kHSTSLoadCount],
+                         ReadyCallback ready_callback,
+                         base::OnceClosure done_callback)
+      : https_server_(https_server),
+        nav_ct_(nav_ct),
+        got_request_(got_request),
+        ready_callback_(std::move(ready_callback)),
+        done_callback_(std::move(done_callback)) {
+    Initialize(https_server);
+  }
+
+  void OnInitialized(const std::string& server_origin) override {
+    EXPECT_UI_THREAD();
+
+    origin_ = ToLocalhostOrigin(server_origin);
+    url_ = origin_ + kHSTSURLPath;
+
+    std::move(ready_callback_).Run(url_);
+  }
+
+  void OnShutdown() override {
+    EXPECT_UI_THREAD();
+    std::move(done_callback_).Run();
+    delete this;
+  }
+
+  bool OnTestServerRequest(CefRefPtr<CefRequest> request,
+                           const ResponseCallback& response_callback) override {
+    EXPECT_UI_THREAD();
+
+    // At most 1 request per load.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(got_request_[nav_ct_]) << nav_ct_;
+    got_request_[nav_ct_].yes();
+
+    const std::string& url = ToLocalhostOrigin(request->GetURL());
+
+    auto response = CefResponse::Create();
+    response->SetMimeType("text/html");
+    std::string response_body;
+
+    if (!https_server_) {
+      // Redirect to the HTTPS URL.
+      EXPECT_STREQ(url_.c_str(), url.c_str()) << nav_ct_;
+      response->SetStatus(301);  // Permanent Redirect
+      response->SetHeaderByName("Location",
+                                GetLocalhostURL(/*https_server=*/true),
+                                /*overwrite=*/true);
+    } else {
+      // Normal response after an HTTP to HTTPS redirect.
+      EXPECT_STREQ(url_.c_str(), url.c_str()) << nav_ct_;
+      response->SetStatus(200);
+
+      if (nav_ct_ == 0) {
+        // Set the "Strict-Transport-Security" header in response to the first
+        // HTTPS request.
+        response->SetHeaderByName("Strict-Transport-Security",
+                                  "max-age=16070400",
+                                  /*overwrite=*/true);
+      }
+
+      // Don't cache the HTTPS response (so we see all the requests).
+      response->SetHeaderByName("Cache-Control", "no-cache",
+                                /*overwrite=*/true);
+
+      response_body = "<html><body>Test1</body></html>";
+    }
+
+    response_callback.Run(response, response_body);
+
+    // Stop propagating the callback.
+    return true;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  static std::string ToLocalhostOrigin(const std::string& origin) {
+    // Need to explicitly use the "localhost" domain instead of the IP address.
+    // HTTPS URLs will already be using "localhost".
+    return client::AsciiStrReplace(origin, "127.0.0.1", "localhost");
+  }
+
+  static std::string GetLocalhostOrigin(bool https_server) {
+    return ToLocalhostOrigin(test_server::GetOrigin(https_server));
+  }
+
+  static std::string GetLocalhostURL(bool https_server) {
+    return GetLocalhostOrigin(/*https_server=*/true) + kHSTSURLPath;
+  }
+
+  const bool https_server_;
+
+  size_t& nav_ct_;
+  TrackCallback (&got_request_)[kHSTSLoadCount];
+  ReadyCallback ready_callback_;
+  base::OnceClosure done_callback_;
+
+  std::string origin_;
+  std::string url_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(HSTSTestServerObserver);
+};
+
+class HSTSRedirectTest : public TestHandler {
+ public:
+  HSTSRedirectTest() = default;
+
+  void RunTest() override {
+    SetTestTimeout();
+    CefPostTask(TID_UI,
+                base::BindOnce(&HSTSRedirectTest::StartHttpServer, this));
+  }
+
+  void OnResourceRedirect(CefRefPtr<CefBrowser> browser,
+                          CefRefPtr<CefFrame> frame,
+                          CefRefPtr<CefRequest> request,
+                          CefRefPtr<CefResponse> response,
+                          CefString& new_url) override {
+    EXPECT_IO_THREAD();
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(got_redirect_[nav_ct_]) << nav_ct_;
+    got_redirect_[nav_ct_].yes();
+
+    EXPECT_STREQ(http_url_.c_str(), request->GetURL().ToString().c_str())
+        << nav_ct_;
+
+    if (nav_ct_ == 0) {
+      // Initial HTTP to HTTPS redirect.
+      EXPECT_STREQ(https_url_.c_str(), new_url.ToString().c_str()) << nav_ct_;
+    } else {
+      // HSTS HTTP to HTTPS redirect. This will use the wrong "localhost" port
+      // number, per spec. From RFC 6797:
+      //   The UA MUST replace the URI scheme with "https" [RFC2818], and if the
+      //   URI contains an explicit port component of "80", then the UA MUST
+      //   convert the port component to be "443", or if the URI contains an
+      //   explicit port component that is not equal to "80", the port component
+      //   value MUST be preserved; otherwise, if the URI does not contain an
+      //   explicit port component, the UA MUST NOT add one.
+      const std::string& expected_https_url =
+          client::AsciiStrReplace(http_url_, "http:", "https:");
+      EXPECT_STREQ(expected_https_url.c_str(), new_url.ToString().c_str())
+          << nav_ct_;
+
+      // Redirect to the correct HTTPS URL instead.
+      new_url = https_url_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void OnLoadEnd(CefRefPtr<CefBrowser> browser,
+                 CefRefPtr<CefFrame> frame,
+                 int httpStatusCode) override {
+    EXPECT_UI_THREAD();
+
+    TestHandler::OnLoadEnd(browser, frame, httpStatusCode);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(got_load_end_[nav_ct_]) << nav_ct_;
+    got_load_end_[nav_ct_].yes();
+
+    // Expect only the HTTPS URL to load.
+    EXPECT_STREQ(https_url_.c_str(), frame->GetURL().ToString().c_str())
+        << nav_ct_;
+
+    if (++nav_ct_ == kHSTSLoadCount) {
+      StopHttpServer();
+    } else {
+      // Load the same HTTP URL again.
+      browser->GetMainFrame()->LoadURL(http_url_);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void DestroyTest() override {
+    EXPECT_FALSE(http_server_);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(https_server_);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kHSTSLoadCount, nav_ct_);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kHSTSLoadCount; ++i) {
+      EXPECT_TRUE(got_redirect_[i]) << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(got_load_end_[i]) << i;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kHSTSLoadCount; ++i) {
+      // Should only see the 1st HTTP request due to the internal HSTS redirect
+      // for the 2nd+ requests.
+      EXPECT_EQ(i == 0, got_http_request_[i]) << i;
+
+      // Should see all HTTPS requests.
+      EXPECT_TRUE(got_https_request_[i]) << i;
+    }
+
+    TestHandler::DestroyTest();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  void StartHttpServer() {
+    EXPECT_UI_THREAD();
+
+    // Will delete itself after the server stops.
+    http_server_ = new HSTSTestServerObserver(
+        /*https_server=*/false, nav_ct_, got_http_request_,
+        base::BindOnce(&HSTSRedirectTest::StartedHttpServer, this),
+        base::BindOnce(&HSTSRedirectTest::StoppedHttpServer, this));
+  }
+
+  void StartedHttpServer(const std::string& url) {
+    EXPECT_UI_THREAD();
+
+    http_url_ = url;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(http_url_.find("http://localhost:") == 0);
+
+    // Start the HTTPS server. Will delete itself after the server stops.
+    https_server_ = new HSTSTestServerObserver(
+        /*https_server=*/true, nav_ct_, got_https_request_,
+        base::BindOnce(&HSTSRedirectTest::StartedHttpsServer, this),
+        base::BindOnce(&HSTSRedirectTest::StoppedHttpsServer, this));
+  }
+
+  void StartedHttpsServer(const std::string& url) {
+    EXPECT_UI_THREAD();
+
+    https_url_ = url;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(https_url_.find("https://localhost:") == 0);
+
+    CreateBrowser(http_url_);
+  }
+
+  void StopHttpServer() {
+    EXPECT_UI_THREAD();
+
+    // Results in a call to StoppedHttpServer().
+    http_server_->Shutdown();
+  }
+
+  void StoppedHttpServer() {
+    EXPECT_UI_THREAD();
+
+    http_server_ = nullptr;
+
+    // Stop the HTTPS server. Results in a call to StoppedHttpsServer().
+    https_server_->Shutdown();
+  }
+
+  void StoppedHttpsServer() {
+    EXPECT_UI_THREAD();
+
+    https_server_ = nullptr;
+
+    DestroyTest();
+  }
+
+  HSTSTestServerObserver* http_server_ = nullptr;
+  std::string http_url_;
+
+  HSTSTestServerObserver* https_server_ = nullptr;
+  std::string https_url_;
+
+  size_t nav_ct_ = 0U;
+  TrackCallback got_http_request_[kHSTSLoadCount];
+  TrackCallback got_https_request_[kHSTSLoadCount];
+  TrackCallback got_load_end_[kHSTSLoadCount];
+  TrackCallback got_redirect_[kHSTSLoadCount];
+
+  IMPLEMENT_REFCOUNTING(HSTSRedirectTest);
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+TEST(HSTSRedirectTest, Redirect) {
+  CefRefPtr<HSTSRedirectTest> handler = new HSTSRedirectTest();
+  handler->ExecuteTest();
+  ReleaseAndWaitForDestructor(handler);
+}

tests/ceftests/test_util.cc

@@ -10,12 +10,7 @@
 #include "include/cef_command_line.h"
 #include "include/cef_request_context_handler.h"
 #include "tests/gtest/include/gtest/gtest.h"
-
+#include "tests/shared/common/string_util.h"
-std::string AsciiStrToLower(const std::string& str) {
-  std::string lowerStr = str;
-  std::transform(lowerStr.begin(), lowerStr.end(), lowerStr.begin(), ::tolower);
-  return lowerStr;
-}
 
 void TestMapEqual(const CefRequest::HeaderMap& map1,
                   const CefRequest::HeaderMap& map2,
@@ -31,9 +26,9 @@ void TestMapEqual(const CefRequest::HeaderMap& map1,
 
   for (it1 = map1.begin(); it1 != map1.end(); ++it1) {
     bool found = false;
-    std::string name1 = AsciiStrToLower(it1->first);
+    std::string name1 = client::AsciiStrToLower(it1->first);
     for (it2 = map2.begin(); it2 != map2.end(); ++it2) {
-      std::string name2 = AsciiStrToLower(it2->first);
+      std::string name2 = client::AsciiStrToLower(it2->first);
       if (name1 == name2 && it1->second == it2->second) {
         found = true;
         break;

tests/ceftests/test_util.h

@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 CefTime CefTimeFrom(CefBaseTime value);
 CefBaseTime CefBaseTimeFrom(const CefTime& value);
 
-std::string AsciiStrToLower(const std::string& str);
-
 // Test that CefRequest::HeaderMap objects are equal. Multiple values with the
 // same key are allowed, but not duplicate entries with the same key/value. If
 // |allowExtras| is true then additional header fields will be allowed in

tests/ceftests/urlrequest_unittest.cc

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "tests/gtest/include/gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "tests/shared/browser/client_app_browser.h"
 #include "tests/shared/browser/file_util.h"
+#include "tests/shared/common/string_util.h"
 #include "tests/shared/renderer/client_app_renderer.h"
 
 using client::ClientAppRenderer;
@@ -453,7 +454,7 @@ std::string GetHeaderValue(const CefRequest::HeaderMap& header_map,
                            const std::string& header_name_lower) {
   CefRequest::HeaderMap::const_iterator it = header_map.begin();
   for (; it != header_map.end(); ++it) {
-    std::string name = AsciiStrToLower(it->first);
+    std::string name = client::AsciiStrToLower(it->first);
     if (name == header_name_lower)
       return it->second;
   }

tests/shared/browser/extension_util.cc

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "include/wrapper/cef_closure_task.h"
 #include "tests/shared/browser/file_util.h"
 #include "tests/shared/browser/resource_util.h"
+#include "tests/shared/common/string_util.h"
 
 namespace client {
 namespace extension_util {
@@ -36,10 +37,8 @@ std::string GetInternalPath(const std::string& extension_path) {
 
 #if defined(OS_WIN)
   // Convert to lower-case, since Windows paths are case-insensitive.
-  std::transform(resources_path_lower.begin(), resources_path_lower.end(),
+  resources_path_lower = AsciiStrToLower(resources_path_lower);
-                 resources_path_lower.begin(), ::tolower);
+  extension_path_lower = AsciiStrToLower(extension_path_lower);
-  std::transform(extension_path_lower.begin(), extension_path_lower.end(),
-                 extension_path_lower.begin(), ::tolower);
 #endif
 
   std::string internal_path;

tests/shared/common/string_util.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2022 The Chromium Embedded Framework Authors. All rights
+// reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that
+// can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "tests/shared/common/string_util.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace client {
+
+std::string AsciiStrToLower(const std::string& str) {
+  std::string lowerStr = str;
+  std::transform(lowerStr.begin(), lowerStr.end(), lowerStr.begin(), ::tolower);
+  return lowerStr;
+}
+
+std::string AsciiStrReplace(const std::string& str,
+                            const std::string& from,
+                            const std::string& to) {
+  std::string result = str;
+  std::string::size_type pos = 0;
+  std::string::size_type from_len = from.length();
+  std::string::size_type to_len = to.length();
+  do {
+    pos = result.find(from, pos);
+    if (pos != std::string::npos) {
+      result.replace(pos, from_len, to);
+      pos += to_len;
+    }
+  } while (pos != std::string::npos);
+  return result;
+}
+
+}  // namespace client

tests/shared/common/string_util.h

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2022 The Chromium Embedded Framework Authors. All rights
+// reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that
+// can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#ifndef CEF_TESTS_SHARED_COMMON_STRING_UTIL_H_
+#define CEF_TESTS_SHARED_COMMON_STRING_UTIL_H_
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace client {
+
+// Convert |str| to lowercase.
+std::string AsciiStrToLower(const std::string& str);
+
+// Replace all instances of |from| with |to| in |str|.
+std::string AsciiStrReplace(const std::string& str,
+                            const std::string& from,
+                            const std::string& to);
+
+}  // namespace client
+
+#endif  // CEF_TESTS_SHARED_COMMON_STRING_UTIL_H_