2098 lines
75 KiB
XML
2098 lines
75 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding='UTF-8'?>
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<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">
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<sect1 id="ntsec"><title>POSIX accounts, permission, and security</title>
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<para>This section discusses how the Windows security model is
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utilized in Cygwin to implement POSIX account information, POSIX-like
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permissions, and how the Windows authentication model is used to allow
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cygwin applications to switch users in a POSIX-like fashion.</para>
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<para>The setting of POSIX-like file and directory permissions is
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controlled by the <link linkend="mount-table">mount</link> option
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<literal>(no)acl</literal> which is set to <literal>acl</literal> by
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default.</para>
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<para>We start with a short overview. Note that this overview must
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be necessarily short. If you want to learn more about the Windows security
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model, see the <ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa374860(VS.85).aspx">Access Control</ulink> article in MSDN documentation.</para>
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<para>POSIX concepts and in particular the POSIX security model are not
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discussed here, but assumed to be understood by the reader. If you
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don't know the POSIX security model, search the web for beginner
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documentation.</para>
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<sect2 id="ntsec-common"><title>Brief overview of Windows security</title>
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<para>In the Windows security model, almost any "object" is securable.
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"Objects" are files, processes, threads, semaphores, etc.</para>
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<para>Every object has a data structure attached, called a "security
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descriptor" (SD). The SD contains all information necessary to control
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who can access an object, and to determine what they are allowed to do
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to or with it. The SD of an object consists of five parts:</para>
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<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
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<listitem><para>Flags which control several aspects of this SD. This is
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not discussed here.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The SID of the object owner.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The SID of the object owner group.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>A list of "Access Control Entries" (ACE), called the
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"Discretionary Access Control List" (DACL).</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Another list of ACEs, called the "Security Access Control List"
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(SACL), which doesn't matter for our purpose. We ignore it here.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Every ACE contains a so-called "Security IDentifier" (SID) and
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other stuff which is explained a bit later. Let's talk about the SID first.
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</para>
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<para>A SID is a unique identifier for users, groups, computers and
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Active Directory (AD) domains. SIDs are basically comparable to POSIX
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user ids (UIDs) and group ids (GIDs), but are more complicated because
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they are unique across multiple machines or domains. A SID is a
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structure of multiple numerical values. There's a convenient convention
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to type SIDs, as a string of numerical fields separated by hyphen
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characters. Here's an example:</para>
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<para>SID of a machine "foo":</para>
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<screen>
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S-1-5-21-165875785-1005667432-441284377
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</screen>
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<para>SID of a user "johndoe" of the system "foo":</para>
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<screen>
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S-1-5-21-165875785-1005667432-441284377-1023
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</screen>
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<para>The first field is always "S", which is just a notational convention
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to show that this is a SID. The second field is the version number of
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the SID structure, So far there exists only one version of SIDs, so this
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field is always 1. The third and fourth fields represent the "authority"
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which can be thought of as a type or category of SIDs. There are a
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couple of builtin accounts and accounts with very special meaning which
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have certain well known values in these third and fourth fields.
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However, computer and domain SIDs always start with "S-1-5-21". The
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next three fields, all 32 bit values, represent the unique 96 bit
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identifier of the computer system. This is a hopefully unique value all
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over the world, but in practice it's sufficient if the computer SIDs are
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unique within a single Windows network.</para>
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<para>As you can see in the above example, SIDs of users (and groups)
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are identical to the computer SID, except for an additional part, the
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so-called "relative identifier" (RID). So the SID of a user is always
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uniquely attached to the system on which the account has been generated.</para>
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<para>It's a bit different in domains. The domain has its own SID, and
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that SID is identical to the SID of the first domain controller, on
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which the domain is created. Domain user SIDs look exactly like the
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computer user SIDs, the leading part is just the domain SID and the RID
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is created when the user is created.</para>
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<para>Ok, consider you created a new domain "bar" on some new domain
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controller and you would like to create a domain account "johndoe":</para>
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<para>SID of a domain "bar.local":</para>
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<screen>
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S-1-5-21-186985262-1144665072-740312968
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</screen>
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<para>SID of a user "johndoe" in the domain "bar.local":</para>
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<screen>
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S-1-5-21-186985262-1144665072-740312968-1207
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</screen>
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<para>So you now have two accounts called johndoe, one account
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created on the machine "foo", one created in the domain "bar.local".
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Both have different SIDs and not even the RID is the same. How do
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the systems know it's the same account? After all, the name is
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the same, right? The answer is, these accounts are <emphasis
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role='bold'>not</emphasis> identical. All machines on the network will
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treat these SIDs as identifying two separate accounts. One is
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"FOO\johndoe", the other one is "BAR\johndoe" or "johndoe@bar.local".
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Different SID, different account. Full stop. </para>
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<para>Starting with Cygwin 1.7.33, Cygwin uses an automatic, internal
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translation from Windows SID to POSIX UID/GID. This mechanism, which is
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the preferred method for the SID<=>UID/GID mapping, is described in
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detail in <xref linkend="ntsec-mapping"></xref>.</para>
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<para>Prior to Cygwin 1.7.33, the last part of the SID, the so called
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"Relative IDentifier" (RID), was by default used as UID and/or GID
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when you created the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
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<filename>/etc/group</filename> files using the
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<command><link linkend="mkpasswd">mkpasswd</link></command> and
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<command><link linkend="mkgroup">mkgroup</link></command> tools.
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These tools as well as reading accounts from <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
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and <filename>/etc/group</filename> files is still present in recent
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versions of Cygwin, but you should switch to the aforementioned
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automatic translation, unless you have very specific needs. Again,
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see <xref linkend="ntsec-mapping"></xref> for the details.</para>
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<para>Do you still remember the SIDs with special meaning? In offical
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notation they are called "well-known SIDs". For example, POSIX has no GID
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for the group of "all users" or "world" or "others". The last three rwx
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bits in a unix-style permission value just represent the permissions for
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"everyone who is not the owner or is member of the owning group".
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Windows has a SID for these poor souls, the "Everyone" SID. Other
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well-known SIDs represent circumstances under which a process is
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running, rather than actual users or groups. Here are a few examples
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for well-known SIDs:</para>
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<screen>
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Everyone S-1-1-0 Simply everyone...
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Batch S-1-5-3 Processes started via the task
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scheduler are member of this group.
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Interactive S-1-5-4 Only processes of users which are
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logged in via an interactive
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session are members here.
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Authenticated Users S-1-5-11 Users which have gone through
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the authentication process and
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survived. Anonymously accessing
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users are not incuded here.
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SYSTEM S-1-5-18 A special account which has all
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kinds of dangerous rights, sort of
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an uber-root account.
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</screen>
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<para>For a full list please refer to the MSDN document <ulink
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url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa379649.aspx">Well-known
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SIDs</ulink>. The Cygwin package called "csih" provides a tool,
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/usr/lib/csih/getAccountName.exe, which can be used to print the
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(possibly localized) name for the various well-known SIDS.</para>
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<para>Naturally, well-known SIDs are the same on each machine, so they are
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not unique to a machine or domain. They have the same meaning across
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the Windows network.</para>
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<para>Additionally, there are a couple of well-known builtin groups,
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which have the same SID on every machine and which have certain user
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rights by default:</para>
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<screen>
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administrators S-1-5-32-544
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users S-1-5-32-545
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guests S-1-5-32-546
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...
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</screen>
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<para>For instance, every account is usually member in the "Users"
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group. All administrator accounts are member of the "Administrators"
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group. That's all about it as far as single machines are involved. In
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a domain environment it's a bit more tricky. Since these SIDs are not
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unique to a machine, every domain user and every domain group can be a
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member of these well known groups. Consider the domain group "Domain
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Admins". This group is by default in the "Administrators" group. Let's
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assume the above computer called "foo" is a member machine of the domain
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"bar.local". If you stick the user "BAR\johndoe" into the group "Domain
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Admins", this guy will automatically be a member of the administrators
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group on "foo" when logging on to "foo". Neat, isn't it?</para>
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<para>Back to ACE and ACL. POSIX is able to create three different
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permissions, the permissions for the owner, for the group and for the
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world. In contrast the Windows ACL has a potentially infinite number of
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members... as long as they fit into 64K. Every member is an ACE.
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ACE consist of three parts:</para>
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<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
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<listitem><para>The type of the ACE (allow ACE or deny ACE).</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Permission bits, 32 of them.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The SID for which the permissions are allowed or denied.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>The two (for us) important types of ACEs are the "access allowed
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ACE" and the "access denied ACE". As the names imply, the allow ACE
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tells the system to allow the given permissions to the SID, the deny ACE
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results in denying the specific permission bits.</para>
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<para>The possible permissions on objects are more detailed than in
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POSIX. For example, the permission to delete an object is different
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from the permission to change object data, and even changing object data
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can be separated into different permission bits for different kind of
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data. But there's a problem with the definition of a "correct" ACL
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which disallows mapping of certain POSIX permissions cleanly. See
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<xref linkend="ntsec-files"></xref>.</para>
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<para>POSIX is able to create only three different permissions? Not quite.
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Newer operating systems and file systems on POSIX systems also provide
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access control lists. Two different APIs exist for accessing these
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ACLs, the Solaris API and the POSIX API. Cygwin implements the original
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Solaris API to access Windows ACLs in a Unixy way. Online man pages for the
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Solaris ACL API can be found on
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<ulink url="http://docs.oracle.com">http://docs.oracle.com</ulink>.
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For an overview see <ulink url="http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23824_01/html/821-1474/acl-5.html#scrolltoc">acl(5)</ulink>.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="ntsec-mapping"><title id="ntsec-mapping.title">Mapping Windows accounts to POSIX accounts</title>
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<para>
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For as long as Cygwin has existed, it has stored user and group information in
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<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.
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Under the assumption that these files would never be too large, the first
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process in a process tree, as well as every execing process within the tree
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would parse them into structures in memory. Thus every Cygwin process would
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contain an expanded copy of the full information from
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<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>.
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</para>
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<para>
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This approach has a few downsides. One of them is that the idea that these
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files will always be small, is flawed. Another one is that reading the entire
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file is most of the time entirely useless, since most processes only
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need information on their own user and the primary group. Last but not
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least, the passwd and group files have to be maintained separately from
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the already existing Windows user databases, the local SAM and Active
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Directory.
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</para>
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<para>
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On the other hand, we have to have this mapping between Windows SIDs and
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POSIX uid/gid values, so we need a mechanism to convert SIDs to uid/gid
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values and vice versa.
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</para>
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<para>
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Microsoft "Services for UNIX" (SFU) (deprecated since Windows 8/Server 2012)
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never used passwd/group files. Rather, SFU used a fixed, computational mapping
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between SIDs and POSIX uid/gid which even has Active Directory support. It
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allows us to generate uid/gid values from SIDs and vice versa. The mechanism is
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documented, albeit in a confusing way and spread over multiple MSDN articles.
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</para>
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<para>
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Starting with Cygwin 1.7.33, Cygwin utilizes an approach inspired by the
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mapping method as implemented by SFU, with a few differences for backward
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compatibility and to handle some border cases differently.
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</para>
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<sect3 id="ntsec-mapping-how"><title id="ntsec-mapping-how.title">Mapping Windows SIDs to POSIX uid/gid values</title>
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<para>
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The following description assumes you're comfortable with the concept of
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Windows SIDs and RIDs. For a brief introduction, see
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<xref linkend="ntsec-common"></xref>.
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</para>
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<para>
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Cygwin's mapping between SIDs and uid/gid values works in two ways.
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</para>
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<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
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<listitem><para>Read <filename>/etc/passwd<filename> and
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</filename>/etc/group</filename> files if they exist, just as in the olden
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days, mainly for backward compatibility.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>If no files are present, or if an entry is missing in the files,
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ask Windows.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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At least, that's the default behaviour now. It will be configurable
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using a file <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename>, which is discussed in
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<xref linkend="ntsec-mapping-nsswitch"></xref>. Let's explore the default
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for now.
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</para>
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<para>
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If the passwd or group files are present, they will be scanned on demand as
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soon as a mapping from SIDs to uid/gid or account names is required. The new
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mechanism will never read the entire file into memory, but only scan for
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the requested entry and cache this one in memory.
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</para>
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<para>
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If no entry is found, or no passwd or group file was present, Cygwin
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will ask the OS.
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</para>
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<note>
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<para>
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If the first process in a Cygwin process tree determines that no
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<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or <filename>/etc/group</filename> file is
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present, no other process in the entire process tree will try to read the files
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later on. This is done for self-preservation. It's rather bad if the uid
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or gid of a user changes during the lifetime of a process tree.
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</para>
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<para>
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For the same reason, if you delete the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
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or <filename>/etc/group</filename> file, this will be ignored. The passwd
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and group records read from the files will persist in memory until either a
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new <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or <filename>/etc/group</filename>
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is created, or you exit all processes in the current process tree.
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</para>
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<para>
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See the note in <xref linkend="ntsec-mapping-nsswitch"></xref> for some
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comprehensive examples.
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</para>
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</note>
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<para>
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So if we've drawn a blank reading the files, we're going to ask the OS.
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First thing, we ask the local machine for the SID or the username. The
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OS functions
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<ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa379166%28v=vs.85%29.aspx">LookupAccountSid</ulink>
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and
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<ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa379159%28v=vs.85%29.aspx">LookupAccountName</ulink>
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are pretty intelligent. They have all the stuff built in to ask for any
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account of the local machine, the Active Directory domain of the machine,
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the Global Catalog of the forest of the domain, as well as any trusted
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domain of our forest for the information. One OS call and we're
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practically done...
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</para>
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<para>
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Except, the calls only return the mapping between SID, account name and the
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account's domain. We don't have a mapping to POSIX uid/gid and we're missing
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information on the user's home dir and login shell.
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</para>
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<para>
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Let's discuss the SID<=>uid/gid mapping first. Here's how it works.
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</para>
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<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa379649.aspx">Well-known
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SIDs</ulink>
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in the NT_AUTHORITY domain of the S-1-5-RID type, or aliases of the
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S-1-5-32-RID type are mapped to the uid/gid value RID. Examples:
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</para>
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<screen>
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"SYSTEM" S-1-5-18 <=> uid/gid: 18
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"Users" S-1-5-32-545 <=> uid/gid: 545
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</screen>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Other well-known SIDs in the NT_AUTHORITY domain (S-1-5-X-RID):
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</para>
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<screen>
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S-1-5-X-RID <=> uid/gid: 0x1000 * X + RID
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</screen>
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<para>Example:</para>
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<screen>
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"NTLM Authentication" S-1-5-64-10 <=> uid/gid: 0x4000A == 262154
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</screen>
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</listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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Other well-known SIDs:
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</para>
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<screen>
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S-1-X-Y <=> uid/gid: 0x10000 + 0x100 * X + Y
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</screen>
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<para>Example:</para>
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<screen>
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"LOCAL" S-1-2-0 <=> uid/gid: 0x10200 == 66048
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"Creator Group" S-1-3-1 <=> uid/gid: 0x10301 == 66305
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</screen>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Logon SIDs: The LogonSid of the current user's session is converted to the
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fixed uid 0xfff == 4095 and named "CurrentSession". Any other LogonSid is
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converted to the fixed uid 0xffe == 4094 and named "OtherSession".
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Mandatory Labels:
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</para>
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<screen>
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S-1-16-RID <=> uid/gid: 0x60000 + RID
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</screen>
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<para>Example:</para>
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<screen>
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"Medium Mandatory Level" S-1-16-8192 <=> uid/gid: 0x62000 == 401408
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</screen>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Accounts from the local machine's user DB (SAM):
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</para>
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<screen>
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S-1-5-21-X-Y-Z-RID <=> uid/gid: 0x30000 + RID
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</screen>
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<para>Example:</para>
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|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
"Administrator" S-1-5-21-X-Y-Z-500 <=> uid/gid: 0x301f4 == 197108
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Accounts from the machine's primary domain:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
S-1-5-21-X-Y-Z-RID <=> uid/gid: 0x100000 + RID
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>Example:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
"Domain Users" S-1-5-21-X-Y-Z-513 <=> uid/gid: 0x100201 == 1049089
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Accounts from a trusted domain of the machine's primary domain:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
S-1-5-21-X-Y-Z-RID <=> uid/gid: trustPosixOffset(domain) + RID
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>trustPosixOffset</literal>? This needs a bit of explanation. This
|
|
value exists in Windows domains already since before Active Directory days.
|
|
What happens is this. If you create a domain trust between two domains, a
|
|
trustedDomain entry will be added to both databases. It describes how
|
|
<emphasis>this</emphasis> domain trusts the <emphasis>other</emphasis> domain.
|
|
One attribute of a trust is a 32 bit value called
|
|
<literal>trustPosixOffset</literal> For each new trust,
|
|
<literal>trustPosixOffset</literal> will get some automatic value. In recent
|
|
AD domain implementations, the first trusted domain will get
|
|
<literal>trustPosixOffset</literal> set to 0x80000000. Following domains will
|
|
get lower values. Unfortunately the domain admins are allowed to set the
|
|
<literal>trustPosixOffset</literal> value for each trusted domain to some
|
|
arbitrary 32 bit value, no matter what the other
|
|
<literal>trustPosixOffset</literal> are set to, thus allowing any kind of
|
|
collisions between the <literal>trustPosixOffset</literal> values of domains.
|
|
That's not exactly helpful, but as the user of this value, we have to
|
|
<emphasis>trust</emphasis> the domain admins to set
|
|
<literal>trustPosixOffset</literal> to sensible values, or to keep it at the
|
|
system chosen defaults.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
So, for the first (or only) trusted domain of your domain, the automatic offset
|
|
is 0x80000000. An example for a user of that trusted domain is
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
S-1-5-21-X-Y-Z-1234 <=> uid/gid 0x800004d2 == 2147484882
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
There's one problem with this approach. Assuming you're running in the context
|
|
of a local SAM user on a domain member machine. Local users don't have the
|
|
right to fetch this kind of domain information from the DC, they'll get
|
|
permission denied. In this case Cygwin will fake a sensible
|
|
<literal>trustPosixOffset</literal> value.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Another problem is if the AD administrators chose an unreasonably small
|
|
<literal>trustPosixOffset</literal> value. Anything below the hexadecimal
|
|
value 0x100000 (the POSIX offset of the primary domain) is bound to produce
|
|
collisions with system accounts as well as local accounts. The right thing
|
|
to do in this case is to notify your administrator of the problem and to ask
|
|
for moving the offset to a more reasonable value. However, to reduce the
|
|
probability for collisions, Cygwin overrides this offset with a sensible
|
|
fixed replacement offset.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Local accounts from another machine in the network:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
There's no SID<=>uid/gid mapping implemented for this case. The problem
|
|
is, there's no way to generate a bijective mapping. There's no central place
|
|
which keeps an analogue of the <literal>trustPosixOffset</literal>, and there's
|
|
the additional problem that the
|
|
<ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa379166%28v=vs.85%29.aspx">LookupAccountSid</ulink>
|
|
and
|
|
<ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa379159%28v=vs.85%29.aspx">LookupAccountName</ulink>
|
|
functions cannnot resolve the SIDs, unless they know the name of the machine
|
|
this SID comes from. And even then it will probably suffer a
|
|
<literal>Permission denied</literal> error when trying to ask the machine
|
|
for its local account.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Now we have a semi-bijective mapping between SIDs and POSIX uid/gid values,
|
|
but given that we have potentially users and groups in different domains having
|
|
the same name, how do we uniquely distinguish between them by name? Well, we
|
|
can do that by making their names unique in a per-machine way. Dependent on
|
|
the domain membership of the account, and dependent of the machine being a
|
|
domain member or not, the user and group names will be generated using a domain
|
|
prefix and a separator character between domain and account name.
|
|
The <!-- default --> separator character is the plus sign, <literal>+</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Well-known and builtin accounts will be named as in Windows:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
"SYSTEM", "LOCAL", "Medium Mandatory Level", ...
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If the machine is not a domain member machine, only local accounts can be resolved
|
|
into names, so for ease of use, just the account names are used as Cygwin
|
|
user/group names:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
"corinna", "bigfoot", "None", ...
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If the machine is a domain member machine, all accounts from the primary domain
|
|
of the machine are mapped to Cygwin names without domain prefix:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
"corinna", "bigfoot", "Domain Users", ...
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
while accounts from other domains are prepended by their domain:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
"DOMAIN1+corinna", "DOMAIN2+bigfoot", "DOMAIN3+Domain Users", ...
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Local machine accounts of a domain member machine get a Cygwin user name the
|
|
same way as accounts from another domain: The local machine name gets
|
|
prepended:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
"MYMACHINE+corinna", "MYMACHINE+bigfoot", "MYMACHINE+None", ...
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If LookupAccountSid fails, Cygwin checks the accounts against the known trusted
|
|
domains. If the account is from one of the trusted domains, an artificial
|
|
account name is created. It consists of the domain name, and a special name
|
|
created from the account RID:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
"MY_DOM+User(1234)", "MY_DOM+Group(5678)"
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Otherwise we know nothing about this SID, so it will be mapped to the
|
|
fake accounts <literal>Unknown+User</literal>/<literal>Unknown+Group</literal>
|
|
with uid/gid -1.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="ntsec-mapping-passwdinfo"><title id="ntsec-mapping-passwdinfo.title">Cygwin user names, home dirs, login shells</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Obviously, if you don't maintain <filename>passwd</filename> and
|
|
<filename>group</filename> files, you need to have a way to maintain the other
|
|
fields of a passwd entry as well. Three things come to mind:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
You want to use a Cygwin username different from your Windows username.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note><para>
|
|
Note: This is only supported via <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
|
|
<filename>/etc/group</filename> files. A Cygwin username maintained in
|
|
the Windows user databases would require very costly (read: slow) search
|
|
operations.
|
|
</para></note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
You want a home dir different from the default <filename>/home/$USER</filename>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
You want to specify a different login shell than <filename>/bin/bash</filename>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
How this is done depends on your account being a domain account or a
|
|
local account. Let's start with the default. Assuming your Windows
|
|
account name is <literal>bigfoot</literal> and your domain is
|
|
<literal>MY_DOM</literal>. Your default passwd entry <!-- in absence of
|
|
anything I'll describe below -->looks like this:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
bigfoot:*:<uid>:<gid>:U-MY_DOM\bigfoot,S-1-5-....:/home/bigfoot:/bin/bash
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
or, if your account is from a different domain than the primary domain of
|
|
the machine:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
MY_DOM+bigfoot:*:<uid>:<gid>:U-MY_DOM\bigfoot,S-1-5-....:/home/bigfoot:/bin/bash
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Yes, the default homedir is still /home/bigfoot.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If your account is a domain account:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Either create an <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and/or
|
|
<filename>/etc/group</filename> file with entries for your account and tweak
|
|
that,
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
or Cygwin will utilize the
|
|
<literal>posixAccount</literal>/<literal>posixGroup</literal> attributes per
|
|
<ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2307">RFC 2307</ulink>. These
|
|
attributes are by default available in Active Directory since Windows Server
|
|
2003 R2. They are <literal>not set</literal>, unless utilized by the
|
|
(deprecated since Server 2012 R2) Active Directory "Server for NIS" feature.
|
|
The user attributes utilized by Cygwin are:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<segmentedlist><?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>unixHomeDirectory</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>If set, will be used as Cygwin home directory.</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>loginShell</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>If set, will be used as Cygwin login shell.</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>gecos</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>Content will be added to the pw_gecos field.</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>uidNumber</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>See <xref linkend="ntsec-mapping-nfs"></xref>.</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg>The group attributes utilized by Cygwin are:</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>gidNumber</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>See <xref linkend="ntsec-mapping-nfs"></xref>.</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
</segmentedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Apart from power shell scripting or inventing new CLI tools, these attributes
|
|
can be changed using the <literal>Attribute Editor</literal> tab in the user
|
|
properties dialog of the <literal>Active Directory Users and Computers</literal>
|
|
MMC snap-in. Alternatively, if the <literal>Server for NIS</literal>
|
|
administration feature has been installed, there will be a
|
|
<literal>UNIX Attributes</literal> tab which contains the required fields,
|
|
except for the gecos field, which isn't really important anyway. Last resort
|
|
is <literal>ADSI Edit</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The primary group of a user is always the Windows primary group set in
|
|
Active Directory and can't be changed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If your machine is not a domain member machine or your account is a
|
|
local account for some reason:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Either create an <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and/or
|
|
<filename>/etc/group</filename> file with entries for your account and tweak
|
|
that,
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
or enter the information into the comment field of your local user entry.
|
|
In the <literal>Local Users and Groups</literal> MMC snap-in it's called
|
|
<literal>Description</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
You can utilize this field even if you're running a "home edition" of
|
|
Windows, using the command line. The <command>net user</command> command
|
|
allows to set all values in the SAM, even if the GUI is crippled.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A Cygwin SAM comment entry looks like this:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<cygwin key="value" key="value" [...] />
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The supported keys are:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<segmentedlist><?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>home="value"</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>Sets the Cygwin home dir to value.</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>shell="value"</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>Sets the Cygwin login shell to value.</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>group="value"</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>Sets the Cygwin primary group of the account to value, provided that
|
|
the user *is* already a member of that group. This allows to override
|
|
the default "None" primary group for local accounts. One nice idea
|
|
here is, for instance group="Users".</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>unix="value"</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>Sets the NFS/Samba uid of the user to the decimal value.
|
|
See <xref linkend="ntsec-mapping-nfs"></xref>.</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
</segmentedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <cygwin .../> string can start at any point in the comment, but
|
|
you have to follow the rules:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
It starts with "<cygwin " and ends with "/>".
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
The "cygwin" string and the key names have to be lowercase.
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
No spaces between key and "value", just the equal sign.
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
The value must be placed within double quotes and it must not contain a double
|
|
quote itself. The double quotes are required for the decimal values as well!
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
CMD example:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
net user corinna /comment:"<cygwin home=\"/home/foo\"/<"
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Bash example (use single quotes):
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
net user corinna /comment:'<cygwin home="/home/foo"/>'
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
For changing group comments, use the `net localgroup' command. The supported
|
|
key/value pair for groups are:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<segmentedlist><?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>unix="value"</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>Sets the NFS/Samba gid of the group to the decimal value.
|
|
See <xref linkend="ntsec-mapping-nfs"></xref>.</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
</segmentedlist>
|
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="ntsec-mapping-caching"><title id="ntsec-mapping-caching.title">Caching account information</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The information fetched from the Windows account database or the
|
|
<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename> files is
|
|
cached by the process. The cached information is inherited by Cygwin child
|
|
processes. A Cygwin process invoked from a Windows command, such as CMD.exe,
|
|
will start a new Cygwin process tree and the caching starts from scratch
|
|
(unless <command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command> is
|
|
running, but read on).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
While usually working fine, this has some drawbacks. Consider a shell calling
|
|
<command>id</command>. <command>id</command> fetches all group information
|
|
from the current token and caches them. Unfortunately <command>id</command>
|
|
doesn't start any child processes, so the information is lost as soon as
|
|
<command>id</command> exits.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
But there's another caching mechanism available. If
|
|
<command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command> is running
|
|
it will provide passwd and group entry caching for all processes in every Cygwin
|
|
process tree started after
|
|
<command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command>. So, if
|
|
you start a Cygwin Terminal and
|
|
<command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command> is running
|
|
at the time, <command>mintty</command>, the shell, and all child processes will
|
|
use <command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command> caching.
|
|
If you start a Cygwin Terminal and
|
|
<command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command> is not
|
|
running at the time, none of the processes started inside this terminal window
|
|
will use <command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command>
|
|
caching.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The advantage of
|
|
<command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command> caching is
|
|
that it's system-wide and, as long as
|
|
<command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command> is running,
|
|
unforgetful. Every Cygwin process on the system will have the
|
|
<command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command> cache at
|
|
its service. Additionally, all information requested from
|
|
<command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command> once, will
|
|
be cached inside the process itself and, again, propagated to child processes.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you automatically start Cygwin processes as Windows services at system
|
|
startup, you may wish to consider starting
|
|
<command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command> first in
|
|
order to take advantage of this system-wide caching. To assure that
|
|
<command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command> has started
|
|
prior to starting <command>sshd</command> or other Cygwin processes, you may
|
|
wish to create service startup dependencies.
|
|
<command><link linkend="using-cygserver">Cygserver</link></command> should
|
|
probably wait for Windows TCPIP and AFD services before it starts, and then
|
|
other Cygwin process should start after
|
|
<command><link linkend="using-cygserver">cygserver</link></command>. Example
|
|
Windows commands to accomplish this (after the services already exist) are
|
|
shown below. You will need an administrative prompt to run the
|
|
<command>sc config</command> commands.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
# Delay Cygserver until TCPIP and AFD have started
|
|
# Note the (odd) required space character after "depend="
|
|
|
|
sc config cygserver depend= tcp/afd
|
|
|
|
# Delay sshd until after Cygserver has started
|
|
# Again note the (odd) required space character after "depend="
|
|
|
|
sc config sshd depend= cygserver
|
|
|
|
# View the Cygserver service details
|
|
|
|
sc qc cygserver
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note that this <command>sc config</command> command
|
|
<emphasis>replaces</emphasis> any existing dependencies. The above changes
|
|
will not impact the running instance, only future instances.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
# To remove all dependencies from the cygserver service
|
|
|
|
sc config cygserver depend= /
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="ntsec-mapping-nfs"><title id="ntsec-mapping-nfs.title">NFS account mapping</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Microsoft's NFS client does not map the uid/gid values on the NFS shares
|
|
to SIDs. There's no such thing as a (fake) security descriptor returned
|
|
to the application. Rather, via an undocumented API an application can
|
|
fetch <ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1813">RFC 1813</ulink>
|
|
compatible NFSv3 stat information from the share. This is what Cygwin is
|
|
using to show stat information for files on NFS shares.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The problem is, while all other information in this stat record, like
|
|
timestamps, file size etc., can be used by Cygwin, Cygwin had no way to
|
|
map the values of the st_uid and st_gid members to a Windows SID for a
|
|
long time. So it just faked the file owner info and claimed that it's
|
|
you.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
However, SFU has, over time, developed multiple methods to map UNIX
|
|
uid/gid values on NFS shares to Windows SIDs. You'll find the full
|
|
documentation of the mapping methods in
|
|
<ulink url="http://blogs.technet.com/b/filecab/archive/2012/10/09/nfs-identity-mapping-in-windows-server-2012.aspx">NFS Identity Mapping in Windows Server 2012</ulink>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Cygwin now utilizes the
|
|
<ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2307">RFC 2307</ulink>
|
|
mapping for this purpose. This is most of the time provided by an AD domain,
|
|
but it could also be a standalone LDAP mapping server. Per
|
|
<ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2307">RFC 2307</ulink>, the uid is
|
|
in the attribute <literal>uidNumber</literal>. For groups, the gid is in the
|
|
<literal>gidNumber</literal> attribute.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
When Cygwin stat()s files on an NFS share, it asks the mapping server via
|
|
LDAP in two different ways, depending on the role of the mapping server.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
If the server is an AD domain controller, it asks for an account with
|
|
<literal>uidNumber</literal> attribute == <literal>st_uid</literal> field of
|
|
the stat record returned by NFS. If an account matches, AD returns the
|
|
Windows SID, so we have an immediate mapping from UNIX uid to a Windows SID,
|
|
if the user account has a valid <literal>uidNumber</literal> attribute. For
|
|
groups, the method is the same, just that Cygwin asks for a group with
|
|
<literal>gidNumber</literal> attribute == <literal>st_gid</literal> field of the
|
|
stat record.
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
If the server is a standalone LDAP mapping server Cygwin asks for the
|
|
same <literal>uidNumber</literal>/<literal>gidNumber</literal> attributes, but
|
|
it can't expect that the LDAP server knows anything about Windows SIDs.
|
|
Rather, the mapping server returns the account name. Cygwin then asks the
|
|
DC for an account with this name, and if that succeeds, we have a mapping
|
|
between UNIX uid/gid and Windows SIDs.
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The mapping will be cached for the lifetime of the process, and inherited
|
|
by child processes.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="ntsec-mapping-samba"><title id="ntsec-mapping-samba.title">Samba account mapping</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A fully set up Samba with domain integration is running winbindd to
|
|
map Window SIDs to artificially created UNIX uids and gids, and this
|
|
mapping is transparent within the domain, so Cygwin doesn't have to do
|
|
anything special.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
However, setting up winbindd isn't for everybody, and it fails to map
|
|
Windows accounts to already existing UNIX users or groups. In contrast
|
|
to NFS, Samba returns security descriptors, but unmapped UNIX accounts
|
|
get special SIDs:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
A UNIX user account with uid X is mapped to the Windows SID S-1-22-1-X.
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
A UNIX group account with gid X is mapped to SID S-1-22-2-X.
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As you can see, even though we have SIDs, they just reflect the actual
|
|
uid/gid values on the UNIX box in the RID value. It's only marginally
|
|
different from the NFS method, so why not just use the same method as
|
|
for NFS?
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
That's what Cygwin will do. If it encounters a S-1-22-x-y SID, it
|
|
will perform the same
|
|
<ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2307">RFC 2307</ulink>
|
|
mapping as for NFS shares.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
For home users without any Windows domain or LDAP server per
|
|
<ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2307">RFC 2307</ulink>,
|
|
but with a Linux machine running Samba, just add this information to
|
|
your SAM account. Assuming the uid of your Linux user account is 505
|
|
and the gid of your primary group is, say, 100, just add the values to
|
|
your SAM user and group accounts. The following example assumes you
|
|
didn't already add something else to the comment field.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To your user's SAM comment (remember: called <literal>Description</literal>
|
|
in the GUI),
|
|
add:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<cygwin group="Users" unix="505"/>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To the user's group SAM comment add:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<cygwin unix="100"/>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This should be sufficient to work on your Samba share and to see
|
|
all files owned by your Linux user account as your files.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="ntsec-mapping-nsswitch"><title id="ntsec-mapping-nsswitch.title">The <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> file</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Last, but not least, let's talk about the way to configure how the
|
|
mapping works on your machine. On Linux and some other UNIXy OSes, we
|
|
have a file called
|
|
<ulink url="http://linux.die.net/man/5/nsswitch.conf">/etc/nsswitch.conf</ulink>.
|
|
One part of it is to specify how the passwd and group entries are generated.
|
|
That's what Cygwin now provides as well.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> file is optional. If you don't
|
|
have one, Cygwin uses sensible defaults.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> file is read exactly once by
|
|
the first process of a Cygwin process tree. If there was no
|
|
<filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> file when this first process started,
|
|
then no other process in the running Cygwin process tree will try to read the
|
|
file.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you create or change <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename>, you have to
|
|
restart all Cygwin processes that need to see the change. If the process
|
|
you want to see the change is a child of another process, you need to restart
|
|
all of that process's parents, too.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
For example, if you run <command>vim</command> inside the default Cygwin
|
|
Terminal, <command>vim</command> is a child of your shell, which is a child
|
|
of <command>mintty</command>. If you edit
|
|
<filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> in that <command>vim</command>
|
|
instance, your shell won't immediately see the change, nor will
|
|
<command>vim</command> if you restart it from that same shell instance.
|
|
This is because both are getting their nsswitch information from their
|
|
ancestor, <command>mintty</command>. You have to start a fresh terminal
|
|
window for the change to take effect.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
By contrast, if you leave that Cygwin Terminal window open after making the
|
|
change to <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename>, then restart a Cygwin
|
|
service like <command>cron</command>, <command>cron</command> will see the
|
|
change, because it is not a child of <command>mintty</command> or any other
|
|
Cygwin process. (Technically, it is a child of <command>cygrunsrv</command>,
|
|
but that instance also restarts when you restart the service.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The reason we point all this out is that the requirements for restarting
|
|
things are not quite as stringent as when you replace
|
|
<filename>cygwin1.dll</filename>. If you have three process trees, you have
|
|
three independent copies of the nsswitch information. If you start a fresh
|
|
process tree, it will see the changes. As long as any process in an existing
|
|
process tree remains running, all processes in that tree will continue to use
|
|
the old information.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
So, what settings can we perform with <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename>?
|
|
To explain, lets have a look into an <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename>
|
|
file set up to all default values:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
# /etc/nsswitch.conf
|
|
passwd: files db
|
|
group: files db
|
|
<!--
|
|
db_prefix: auto
|
|
db_separator: + -->
|
|
db_enum: cache builtin
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The first line, starting with a hash <literal>#</literal> is a comment.
|
|
The hash character starts a comment, just as in shell scripts. Everything
|
|
up to the end of the line is ignored. So this:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
foo: bar # baz
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
means, set "foo" to value "bar", ignore everything after the hash.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The other lines define the available settings. The first word up to a
|
|
colon is a keyword. Note that the colon <emphasis>must</emphasis> follow
|
|
immediately after the keyword. This is a valid line:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
foo: bar
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is not valid:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
foo : bar
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Apart from this restriction, the reminder of the line can have as
|
|
many spaces and TABs as you like.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Now let's have a look at the available keywords and settings.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The two lines starting with the keywords <literal>passwd:</literal> and
|
|
<literal>group:</literal> define where Cygwin gets its passwd and group
|
|
information from. <literal>files</literal> means, fetch the information
|
|
from the corresponding file in the /etc directory. <literal>db</literal>
|
|
means, fetch the information from the Windows account databases, the SAM
|
|
for local accounts, Active Directory for domain account. Examples:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
passwd: files
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Read passwd entries only from /etc/passwd.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
group: db
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Read group entries only from SAM/AD.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
group: files # db
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Read group entries only from <filename>/etc/group</filename>
|
|
(<literal>db</literal> is only a comment).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
passwd: files db
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Read passwd entries from <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>. If a user account
|
|
isn't found, try to find it in SAM or AD. This is the default for both,
|
|
passwd and group information.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
group: db files
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is a valid entry, but the order will be ignored by Cygwin. If both
|
|
settings, <literal>files</literal> and <literal>db</literal> are specified,
|
|
Cygwin will always try the files first, then the db.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The remaining entries define certain aspects of the Windows account
|
|
database search. Right now, only one entry is valid:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
|
|
|
|
<!--
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>db_prefix:</literal> determines how the Cygwin user or group name
|
|
is created. The recognized values are:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>auto</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is the default. If your account is from the primary domain of your
|
|
machine, or if your machine is a standalone machine (not a domain member),
|
|
your Cygwin account name is just the Windows account name.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If your account is from another domain, or if you're logged in as
|
|
local user on a domain machine, the Cygwin username will be the
|
|
combination of Windows domainname and username, with the separator
|
|
char in between:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<segmentedlist><?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>MY_DOM+username</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>(foreign domain)</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>MACHINE+username</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>(local account)</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
</segmentedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Builtin accounts are simply used as is:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<segmentedlist><?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>LOCAL</literal></seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>Users</literal></seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
</segmentedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Unknown accounts on NFS or Samba shares (that is, accounts which cannot be
|
|
mapped to Windows user accounts via
|
|
<ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2307">RFC 2307</ulink>) get a
|
|
Cygwin account name consisting of the artificial domains
|
|
<literal>Unix_User</literal> or <literal>Unix_Group</literal> and the
|
|
uid/gid value, for instance:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<segmentedlist><?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>Unix_User+0</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>(root)</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>Unix_Group+10</literal></seg>
|
|
<seg>(wheel)</seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
</segmentedlist>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>primary</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Like <literal>auto</literal>, but primary domain accounts will be
|
|
prepended by the domainname as well.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>always</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
All accounts, even the builtin accounts, will have the domain name
|
|
prepended:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<segmentedlist><?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>BUILTIN+Users</literal></seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
</segmentedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A special case are builtin accounts which have an emtpy domain name.
|
|
These will be prependend by just the separator character in
|
|
<literal>always</literal> mode:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<segmentedlist><?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
|
|
<seglistitem>
|
|
<seg><literal>+LOCAL</literal></seg>
|
|
</seglistitem>
|
|
</segmentedlist>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>db_separator:</literal> defines the spearator char used to prepend the
|
|
domain name to the user or group name. The default is the plus character
|
|
<literal>+</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
MY_DOM+username
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
With <literal>db_separator:</literal>, you can define any ASCII char except
|
|
space, tab, carriage return, line feed, and the colon, as separator char.
|
|
Example:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
db_separator: \
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This results in usernames with the backslash as separator:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
MY_DOM\username
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
-->
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>db_enum:</literal> defines the depth of a database search, if an
|
|
application calls one of the enumeration functions
|
|
<ulink url="http://linux.die.net/man/3/getpwent">getpwent</ulink>
|
|
or <ulink url="http://linux.die.net/man/3/getgrent">getgrent</ulink>.
|
|
The problem with these functions is, they neither allow to define how many
|
|
entries will be enumerated when calling them in a loop, nor do they
|
|
allow to add some filter criteria. They were designed back in the days,
|
|
when only <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>
|
|
files existed and the number of user accounts on a typical UNIX system was
|
|
seldomly a three-digit number.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
These days, with user and group databases sometimes going in the
|
|
six-digit range, they are a potential burden. For that reason, Cygwin
|
|
does not enumerate all user or group accounts by default, but rather
|
|
just a very small list, consisting only of the accounts cached in memory
|
|
by the current process, as well as a handful of predefined builtin
|
|
accounts.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>db_enum:</literal> allows to specify the accounts to enumerate in a
|
|
fine-grained manner. It takes a list of sources as argument:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
db_enum: source1 source2 ...
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The recognized sources are the following:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>none</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>No output from
|
|
<function>getpwent</function>/<function>getgrent</function>
|
|
at all.</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>all</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>The opposite. Enumerates accounts from all known sources, including
|
|
all trusted domains.</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>cache</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>Enumerate all accounts currently cached in memory.</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>builtin</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>Enumerate the predefined builtin accounts for backward compatibility.
|
|
These are five passwd accounts (SYSTEM, LocalService, NetworkService,
|
|
Administrators, TrustedInstaller) and two group accounts (SYSTEM and
|
|
TrustedInstaller).</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>files</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>Enumerate the accounts from <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
|
|
<filename>/etc/group</filename>.</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>local</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>Enumerate all accounts from the local SAM.</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>primary</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>Enumerate all accounts from the primary domain.</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>alltrusted</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>Enumerate all accounts from all trusted domains.</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><literal>some.domain</literal></term>
|
|
<listitem>Enumerate all accounts from the trusted domain some.domain. The
|
|
trusted domain can be given as Netbios flat name (MY_DOMAIN) or as
|
|
dns domain name (my_domain.corp). In contrast to the aforementioned
|
|
fixed source keywords, distinct domain names are caseinsensitive.
|
|
Only domains which are actually trusted domains are enumerated.
|
|
Unknown domains are simply ignored.</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Please note that <function>getpwent</function>/<function>getgrent</function>
|
|
do <emphasis>not</emphasis> test if an account was already listed from another
|
|
source, so an account can easily show up twice or three times. Such a test
|
|
would be rather tricky, nor does the Linux implementation perform such test.
|
|
Here are a few examples for <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename>:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
db_enum: none
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
No output from <function>getpwent</function>/<function>getgrent</function>
|
|
at all. The first call to the function immediately returns a NULL pointer.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
db_enum: cache files
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Enumerate all accounts cached by the current process, plus all entries
|
|
from either the /etc/passwd or /etc/group file.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
db_enum: cache local primary
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Enumerate all accounts cached by the current process, all accounts from the SAM
|
|
of the local machine, and all accounts from the primary domain of the machine.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
db_enum: local primary alltrusted
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Enumerate the accounts from the machine's SAM, from the primary domain of the
|
|
machine, and from all trusted domains.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
db_enum: primary domain1.corp sub.domain.corp domain2.net
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Enumerate the accounts from the primary domain and from the domains
|
|
domain1.corp, sub.domain.corp and domain2.net.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
db_enum: all
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Enumerate everything and the kitchen sink.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="ntsec-files"><title id="ntsec-files.title">File permissions</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>On NTFS and if the <literal>noacl</literal> mount option is not
|
|
specified for a mount point, Cygwin sets file permissions as on POSIX
|
|
systems. Basically this is done by defining a Security Descriptor with the
|
|
matching owner and group SIDs, and a DACL which contains ACEs for the owner,
|
|
the group and for "Everyone", which represents what POSIX calls "others".</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>There's just one problem when trying to map the POSIX permission model
|
|
onto the Windows permission model.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>There's a leak in the definition of a "correct" ACL which disallows a
|
|
certain POSIX permission setting. The official documentation explains in short
|
|
the following:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
|
|
<listitem><para>The requested permissions are checked against all
|
|
ACEs of the user as well as all groups the user is member of. The
|
|
permissions given in these user and groups access allowed ACEs are
|
|
accumulated and the resulting set is the set of permissions of that
|
|
user given for that object.</para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The order of ACEs is important. The system reads them in
|
|
sequence until either any single requested permission is denied or all
|
|
requested permissions are granted. Reading stops when this condition is
|
|
met. Later ACEs are not taken into account.</para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>All access denied ACEs <emphasis
|
|
role='bold'>should</emphasis> precede any access allowed ACE. ACLs
|
|
following this rule are called "canonical"</para></listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that the last rule is a preference or a definition of
|
|
correctness. It's not an absolute requirement. All Windows kernels
|
|
will correctly deal with the ACL regardless of the order of allow and
|
|
deny ACEs. The second rule is not modified to get the ACEs in the
|
|
preferred order.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Unfortunately the security tab in the file properties dialog of
|
|
the Windows Explorer insists to rearrange the order of the ACEs to
|
|
canonical order before you can read them. Thank God, the sort order
|
|
remains unchanged if one presses the Cancel button. But don't even
|
|
<emphasis role='bold'>think</emphasis> of pressing OK...</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Canonical ACLs are unable to reflect each possible combination
|
|
of POSIX permissions. Example:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
rw-r-xrw-
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>Ok, so here's the first try to create a matching ACL, assuming
|
|
the Windows permissions only have three bits, as their POSIX counterpart:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
UserAllow: 110
|
|
GroupAllow: 101
|
|
OthersAllow: 110
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>Hmm, because of the accumulation of allow rights the user may
|
|
execute because the group may execute.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Second try:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
UserDeny: 001
|
|
GroupAllow: 101
|
|
OthersAllow: 110
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>Now the user may read and write but not execute. Better? No!
|
|
Unfortunately the group may write now because others may write.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Third try:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
UserDeny: 001
|
|
GroupDeny: 010
|
|
GroupAllow: 001
|
|
OthersAllow: 110
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>Now the group may not write as intended but unfortunately the user may
|
|
not write anymore, either. How should this problem be solved? According to
|
|
the canonical order a UserAllow has to follow the GroupDeny but it's
|
|
easy to see that this can never be solved that way.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The only chance:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
UserDeny: 001
|
|
UserAllow: 010
|
|
GroupDeny: 010
|
|
GroupAllow: 001
|
|
OthersAllow: 110
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>Again: This works on all existing versions of Windows NT, at the
|
|
time of writing from at least Windows XP up to Server 2012 R2. Only
|
|
the GUIs aren't able (or willing) to deal with that order.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="ntsec-setuid-overview"><title id="ntsec-setuid-overview.title">Switching the user context</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Since Windows XP, Windows users have been accustomed to the
|
|
"Switch User" feature, which switches the entire desktop to another user
|
|
while leaving the original user's desktop "suspended". Another Windows
|
|
feature is the "Run as..." context menu entry, which allows you to start
|
|
an application using another user account when right-clicking on applications
|
|
and shortcuts.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>On POSIX systems, this operation can be performed by processes
|
|
running under the privileged user accounts (usually the "root" user
|
|
account) on a per-process basis. This is called "switching the user
|
|
context" for that process, and is performed using the POSIX
|
|
<command>setuid</command> and <command>seteuid</command> system
|
|
calls.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>While this sort of feature is available on Windows as well,
|
|
Windows does not support the concept of these calls in a simple fashion.
|
|
Switching the user context in Windows is generally a tricky process with
|
|
lots of "behind the scenes" magic involved.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Windows uses so-called `access tokens' to identify a user and its
|
|
permissions. Usually the access token is created at logon time and then
|
|
it's attached to the starting process. Every new process within a session
|
|
inherits the access token from its parent process. Every thread can
|
|
get its own access token, which allows, for instance, to define threads
|
|
with restricted permissions.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="ntsec-logonuser"><title id="ntsec-logonuser.title">Switching the user context with password authentication</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>To switch the user context, the process has to request such an access
|
|
token for the new user. This is typically done by calling the Win32 API
|
|
function <command>LogonUser</command> with the user name and the user's
|
|
cleartext password as arguments. If the user exists and the password was
|
|
specified correctly, the access token is returned and either used in
|
|
<command>ImpersonateLoggedOnUser</command> to change the user context of
|
|
the current thread, or in <command>CreateProcessAsUser</command> to
|
|
change the user context of a spawned child process.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Later versions of Windows define new functions in this context and
|
|
there are also functions to manipulate existing access tokens (usually
|
|
only to restrict them). Windows Vista also adds subtokens which are
|
|
attached to other access tokens which plays an important role in the UAC
|
|
(User Access Control) facility of Vista and later. However, none of
|
|
these extensions to the original concept are important for this
|
|
documentation.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Back to this logon with password, how can this be used to
|
|
implement <command>set(e)uid</command>? Well, it requires modification
|
|
of the calling application. Two Cygwin functions have been introduced
|
|
to support porting <command>setuid</command> applications which only
|
|
require login with passwords. You only give Cygwin the right access
|
|
token and then you can call <command>seteuid</command> or
|
|
<command>setuid</command> as usual in POSIX applications. Porting such
|
|
a <command>setuid</command> application is illustrated by a short
|
|
example:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<![CDATA[
|
|
/* First include all needed cygwin stuff. */
|
|
#ifdef __CYGWIN__
|
|
#include <windows.h>
|
|
#include <sys/cygwin.h>
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
[...]
|
|
|
|
struct passwd *user_pwd_entry = getpwnam (username);
|
|
char *cleartext_password = getpass ("Password:");
|
|
|
|
[...]
|
|
|
|
#ifdef __CYGWIN__
|
|
/* Patch the typical password test. */
|
|
{
|
|
HANDLE token;
|
|
|
|
/* Try to get the access token from Windows. */
|
|
token = cygwin_logon_user (user_pwd_entry, cleartext_password);
|
|
if (token == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
|
|
error_exit;
|
|
/* Inform Cygwin about the new impersonation token. */
|
|
cygwin_set_impersonation_token (token);
|
|
/* Cygwin is now able, to switch to that user context by setuid or seteuid calls. */
|
|
}
|
|
#else
|
|
/* Use standard method on non-Cygwin systems. */
|
|
hashed_password = crypt (cleartext_password, salt);
|
|
if (!user_pwd_entry ||
|
|
strcmp (hashed_password, user_pwd_entry->pw_password))
|
|
error_exit;
|
|
#endif /* CYGWIN */
|
|
|
|
[...]
|
|
|
|
/* Everything else remains the same! */
|
|
|
|
setegid (user_pwd_entry->pw_gid);
|
|
seteuid (user_pwd_entry->pw_uid);
|
|
execl ("/bin/sh", ...);
|
|
]]>
|
|
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="ntsec-nopasswd1"><title id="ntsec-nopasswd1.title">Switching the user context without password, Method 1: Create a token from scratch</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>An unfortunate aspect of the implementation of
|
|
<command>set(e)uid</command> is the fact that the calling process
|
|
requires the password of the user to which to switch. Applications such as
|
|
<command>sshd</command> wishing to switch the user context after a
|
|
successful public key authentication, or the <command>cron</command>
|
|
application which, again, wants to switch the user without any authentication
|
|
are stuck here. But there are other ways to get new user tokens.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>One way is just to create a user token from scratch. This is
|
|
accomplished by using an (officially undocumented) function on the NT
|
|
function level. The NT function level is used to implement the Win32
|
|
level, and, as such is closer to the kernel than the Win32 level. The
|
|
function of interest, <command>NtCreateToken</command>, allows you to
|
|
specify user, groups, permissions and almost everything you need to
|
|
create a user token, without the need to specify the user password. The
|
|
only restriction for using this function is that the calling process
|
|
needs the "Create a token object" user right, which only the SYSTEM user
|
|
account has by default, and which is considered the most dangerous right
|
|
a user can have on Windows systems.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>That sounds good. We just start the servers which have to switch
|
|
the user context (<command>sshd</command>, <command>inetd</command>,
|
|
<command>cron</command>, ...) as Windows services under the SYSTEM
|
|
(or LocalSystem in the GUI) account and everything just works.
|
|
Unfortunately that's too simple. Using <command>NtCreateToken</command>
|
|
has a few drawbacks.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>First of all, beginning with Windows Server 2003,
|
|
the permission "Create a token object" gets explicitly removed from
|
|
the SYSTEM user's access token, when starting services under that
|
|
account. That requires us to create a new account with this specific
|
|
permission just to run this kind of services. But that's a minor
|
|
problem.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>A more important problem is that using <command>NtCreateToken</command>
|
|
is not sufficient to create a new logon session for the new user. What
|
|
does that mean? Every logon usually creates a new logon session.
|
|
A logon session has a couple of attributes which are unique to the
|
|
session. One of these attributes is the fact, that Windows functions
|
|
identify the user domain and user name not by the SID of the access
|
|
token owner, but only by the logon session the process is running under.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This has the following unfortunate consequence. Consider a
|
|
service started under the SYSTEM account (up to Windows XP) switches the
|
|
user context to DOMAIN\my_user using a token created directly by calling
|
|
the <command>NtCreateToken</command> function. A process running under
|
|
this new access token might want to know under which user account it's
|
|
running. The corresponding SID is returned correctly, for instance
|
|
S-1-5-21-1234-5678-9012-77777. However, if the same process asks the OS
|
|
for the user name of this SID something wierd happens. For instance,
|
|
the <command>LookupAccountSid</command> function will not return
|
|
"DOMAIN\my_user", but "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM" as the user name.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You might ask "So what?" After all, this only <emphasis
|
|
role='bold'>looks</emphasis> bad, but functionality and permission-wise
|
|
everything should be ok. And Cygwin knows about this shortcoming so it
|
|
will return the correct Cygwin username when asked. Unfortunately this
|
|
is more complicated. Some native, non-Cygwin Windows applications will
|
|
misbehave badly in this situation. A well-known example are certain versions
|
|
of Visual-C++.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Last but not least, you don't have the usual comfortable access
|
|
to network shares. The reason is that the token has been created
|
|
without knowing the password. The password are your credentials
|
|
necessary for network access. Thus, if you logon with a password, the
|
|
password is stored hidden as "token credentials" within the access token
|
|
and used as default logon to access network resources. Since these
|
|
credentials are missing from the token created with
|
|
<command>NtCreateToken</command>, you only can access network shares
|
|
from the new user's process tree by using explicit authentication, on
|
|
the command line for instance:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
bash$ net use '\\server\share' /user:DOMAIN\my_user my_users_password
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that, on some systems, you can't even define a drive letter
|
|
to access the share, and under some circumstances the drive letter you
|
|
choose collides with a drive letter already used in another session.
|
|
Therefore it's better to get used to accessing these shares using the UNC
|
|
path as in</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
bash$ grep foo //server/share/foofile
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="ntsec-nopasswd2"><title id="ntsec-nopasswd2.title">Switching the user context without password, Method 2: LSA authentication package</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>We're looking for another way to switch the user context without
|
|
having to provide the password. Another technique is to create an
|
|
LSA authentication package. LSA is an acronym for "Local Security Authority"
|
|
which is a protected part of the operating system which only allows changes
|
|
to become active when rebooting the system after the change. Also, as soon as
|
|
the LSA encounters serious problems (for instance, one of the protected
|
|
LSA processes died), it triggers a system reboot. LSA is the part of
|
|
the OS which cares for the user logons and which also creates logon
|
|
sessions.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>An LSA authentication package is a DLL which has to be installed
|
|
as part of the LSA. This is done by tweaking a special registry key.
|
|
Cygwin provides such an authentication package. It has to be installed
|
|
and the machine has to be rebooted to activate it. This is the job of the
|
|
shell script <filename>/usr/bin/cyglsa-config</filename> which is part of
|
|
the Cygwin package.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>After running <filename>/usr/bin/cyglsa-config</filename> and
|
|
rebooting the system, the LSA authentication package is used by Cygwin
|
|
when <command>set(e)uid</command> is called by an application. The
|
|
created access token using this method has its own logon session.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This method has two advantages over the <command>NtCreateToken</command>
|
|
method.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The very special and very dangerous "Create a token object" user
|
|
right is not required by a user using this method. Other privileged
|
|
user rights are still necessary, especially the "Act as part of the
|
|
operating system" right, but that's just business as usual.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The user is correctly identified, even by delicate native applications
|
|
which choke on that using the <command>NtCreateToken</command> method.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Disadvantages? Yes, sure, this is Windows. The access token
|
|
created using LSA authentication still lacks the credentials for network
|
|
access. After all, there still hasn't been any password authentication
|
|
involved. The requirement to reboot after every installation or
|
|
deinstallation of the cygwin LSA authentication DLL is just a minor
|
|
inconvenience compared to that...</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Nevertheless, this is already a lot better than what we get by
|
|
using <command>NtCreateToken</command>, isn't it?</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="ntsec-nopasswd3"><title id="ntsec-nopasswd3.title">Switching the user context without password, Method 3: With password</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Ok, so we have solved almost any problem, except for the network
|
|
access problem. Not being able to access network shares without
|
|
having to specify a cleartext password on the command line or in a
|
|
script is a harsh problem for automated logons for testing purposes
|
|
and similar stuff.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Fortunately there is a solution, but it has its own drawbacks.
|
|
But, first things first, how does it work? The title of this section
|
|
says it all. Instead of trying to logon without password, we just logon
|
|
with password. The password gets stored two-way encrypted in a hidden,
|
|
obfuscated area of the registry, the LSA private registry area. This
|
|
part of the registry contains, for instance, the passwords of the Windows
|
|
services which run under some non-default user account.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>So what we do is to utilize this registry area for the purpose of
|
|
<command>set(e)uid</command>. The Cygwin command <command><link
|
|
linkend="passwd">passwd</link> -R</command> allows a user to specify
|
|
his/her password for storage in this registry area. When this user
|
|
tries to login using ssh with public key authentication, Cygwin's
|
|
<command>set(e)uid</command> examines the LSA private registry area and
|
|
searches for a Cygwin specific key which contains the password. If it
|
|
finds it, it calls <command>LogonUser</command> under the hood, using
|
|
this password. If that works, <command>LogonUser</command> returns an
|
|
access token with all credentials necessary for network access.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For good measure, and since this way to implement
|
|
<command>set(e)uid</command> is not only used by Cygwin but also by
|
|
Microsoft's SFU (Services for Unix), we also look for a key stored by
|
|
SFU (using the SFU command <command>regpwd</command>) and use that if it's
|
|
available.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>We got it. A full access token with its own logon session, with
|
|
all network credentials. Hmm, that's heaven...</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Back on earth, what about the drawbacks?</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>First, adding a password to the LSA private registry area
|
|
requires administrative access. So calling <command>passwd -R</command>
|
|
as a normal user will fail! Cygwin provides a workaround for
|
|
this. If <command>cygserver</command> is started as a service running
|
|
under the SYSTEM account (which is the default way to run
|
|
<command>cygserver</command>) you can use <command>passwd -R</command>
|
|
as normal, non-privileged user as well.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Second, as aforementioned, the password is two-way encrypted in a
|
|
hidden, obfuscated registry area. Only SYSTEM has access to this area
|
|
for listing purposes, so, even as an administrator, you can't examine
|
|
this area with regedit. Right? No. Every administrator can start
|
|
regedit as SYSTEM user:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
bash$ date
|
|
Tue Dec 2 16:28:03 CET 2008
|
|
bash$ at 16:29 /interactive regedit.exe
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>Additionally, if an administrator knows under which name
|
|
the private key is stored (which is well-known since the algorithms
|
|
used to create the Cygwin and SFU keys are no secret), every administrator
|
|
can access the password of all keys stored this way in the registry.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Conclusion: If your system is used exclusively by you, and if
|
|
you're also the only administrator of your system, and if your system is
|
|
adequately locked down to prevent malicious access, you can safely use
|
|
this method. If your machine is part of a network which has
|
|
dedicated administrators, and you're not one of these administrators,
|
|
but you (think you) can trust your administrators, you can probably
|
|
safely use this method.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>In all other cases, don't use this method. You have been warned.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="ntsec-setuid-impl"><title id="ntsec-setuid-impl.title">Switching the user context, how does it all fit together?</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Now we learned about four different ways to switch the user
|
|
context using the <command>set(e)uid</command> system call, but
|
|
how does <command>set(e)uid</command> really work? Which method does it
|
|
use now?</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The answer is, all four of them. So here's a brief overview
|
|
what <command>set(e)uid</command> does under the hood:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>When <command>set(e)uid</command> is called, it tests if the
|
|
user context had been switched by an earlier call already, and if the
|
|
new user account is the privileged user account under which the process
|
|
had been started originally. If so, it just switches to the original
|
|
access token of the process it had been started with.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Next, it tests if an access token has been stored by an earlier call
|
|
to <command>cygwin_set_impersonation_token</command>. If so, it tests
|
|
if that token matches the requested user account. If so, the stored
|
|
token is used for the user context switch.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If not, there's no predefined token which can just be used for
|
|
the user context switch, so we have to create a new token. The order
|
|
is as follows.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Check if the user has stored the logon password in the LSA
|
|
private registry area, either under a Cygwin key, or under a SFU key.
|
|
If so, use this to call <command>LogonUser</command>. If this
|
|
succeeds, we use the resulting token for the user context switch.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Otherwise, check if the Cygwin-specifc LSA authentication package
|
|
has been installed and is functional. If so, use the appropriate LSA
|
|
calls to communicate with the Cygwin LSA authentication package and
|
|
use the returned token.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Last chance, try to use the <command>NtCreateToken</command> call
|
|
to create a token. If that works, use this token.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>If all of the above fails, our process has insufficient privileges
|
|
to switch the user context at all, so <command>set(e)uid</command>
|
|
fails and returns -1, setting errno to EPERM.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|