540 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
540 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
<sect1 id="using-pathnames"><title>Mapping path names</title>
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<sect2 id="pathnames-intro"><title>Introduction</title>
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<para>Cygwin supports both Win32- and POSIX-style paths, where
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directory delimiters may be either forward or back slashes. UNC
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pathnames (starting with two slashes and a network name) are also
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supported.</para>
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<para>POSIX operating systems (such as Linux) do not have the concept
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of drive letters. Instead, all absolute paths begin with a
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slash (instead of a drive letter such as "c:") and all file systems
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appear as subdirectories (for example, you might buy a new disk and
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make it be the <filename>/disk2</filename> directory).</para>
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<para>Because many programs written to run on UNIX systems assume
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the existance of a single unified POSIX file system structure, Cygwin
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maintains a special internal POSIX view of the Win32 file system
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that allows these programs to successfully run under Windows. Cygwin
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uses this mapping to translate from POSIX to Win32 paths as
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necessary.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="mount-table"><title>The Cygwin Mount Table</title>
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<para>The <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file is used to map Win32
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drives and network shares into Cygwin's internal POSIX directory tree.
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This is a similar concept to the typical UNIX fstab file. The mount
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points stored in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> are globally set for
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all users. Sometimes there's a requirement to have user specific
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mount points. The Cygwin DLL supports user specific fstab files.
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These are stored in the directory <filename>/etc/fstab.d</filename>
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and the name of the file is the Cygwin username of the user, as it's
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stored in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. The content of the
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user specifc file is identical to the system-wide
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<filename>fstab</filename> file.</para>
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<para>The file fstab contains descriptive information about the various file
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systems. fstab is only read by programs, and not written; it is the
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duty of the system administrator to properly create and maintain this
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file. Each filesystem is described on a separate line; fields on each
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line are separated by tabs or spaces. Lines starting with '#' are
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comments.</para>
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<para>The first field describes the block special device or
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remote filesystem to be mounted. On Cygwin, this is the native Windows
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path which the mount point links in. As path separator you MUST use a
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slash. Usage of a backslash might lead to unexpected results. UNC
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paths (using slashes, not backslashes) are allowed. If the path
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contains spaces these can be escaped as <literal>'\040'</literal>.</para>
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<para>The second field describes the mount point for the filesystem.
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If the name of the mount point contains spaces these can be
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escaped as '\040'.</para>
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<para>The third field describes the type of the filesystem.
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Cygwin supports any string here, since the file system type is usually
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not evaluated. The noticable exception is the file system type
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cygdrive. This type is used to set the cygdrive prefix.</para>
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<para>The fourth field describes the mount options associated
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with the filesystem. It is formatted as a comma separated list of
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options. It contains at least the type of mount (binary or text) plus
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any additional options appropriate to the filesystem type. Recognized
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options are binary, text, nouser, user, exec, notexec, cygexec, nosuid,
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posix=[0|1]. The meaning of the options is as follows.</para>
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<screen>
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acl - Cygwin uses the filesystem's access control lists (ACLs) to
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implement real POSIX permissions (default). This flag only
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affects filesystems supporting ACLs (NTFS) and is ignored
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otherwise.
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noacl - Cygwin ignores filesystem ACLs and only fakes a subset of
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permission bits based on the DOS readonly attribute. This
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behaviour is the default on FAT and FAT32. The flag is
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ignored on NFS filesystems.
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binary - Files default to binary mode (default).
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text - Files default to CRLF text mode line endings.
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nouser - Mount is a system-wide mount.
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user - Mount is a user mount.
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exec - Treat all files below mount point as executable.
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notexec - Treat all files below mount point as not executable.
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cygexec - Treat all files below mount point as cygwin executables.
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nosuid - No suid files are allowed (currently unimplemented).
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posix=0 - Switch off case sensitivity for paths under this mount point.
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posix=1 - Switch on case sensitivity for paths under this mount point
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(default).
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</screen>
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<para>Note that nouser mount points are not overridable by a later call
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to mount(2). This is only possible for user mount points. Mount points
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are by default nouser mount points, unless you specify the option user.
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In contrast, all mount points in the user specific fstab file are user
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mount points.</para>
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<para>The fifth and sixth field are ignored. They are
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so far only specified to keep a Linux-like fstab file layout.</para>
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<para>Note that you don't have to specify an fstab entry for the root dir,
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unless you want to have the root dir pointing to somewhere entirely
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different (hopefully you know what you're doing), or if you want to
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mount the root dir with special options (for instance, as text mount).</para>
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<para>Example entries:</para>
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<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
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<listitem>
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<para>Just a normal mount point:</para>
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<screen>c:/foo /bar fat32 binary 0 0</screen>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>A mount point for a managed, textmode mount:</para>
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<screen>C:/foo /bar/baz ntfs text,managed 0 0</screen>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>A mount point for a Windows directory with spaces in it:</para>
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<screen>C:/Documents\040and\040Settings /docs ext3 binary 0 0</screen>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>A mount point for a remote directory:</para>
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<screen>//server/share/subdir /srv/subdir smbfs binary 0 0</screen>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>This is just a comment:</para>
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<screen># This is just a comment</screen>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Set the cygdrive prefix to /mnt:</para>
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<screen>none /mnt cygdrive binary 0 0</screen>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Whenever Cygwin generates a Win32 path from a POSIX one, it uses
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the longest matching prefix in the mount table. Thus, if
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<filename>C:</filename> is mounted as <filename>/c</filename> and also
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as <filename>/</filename>, then Cygwin would translate
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<filename>C:/foo/bar</filename> to <filename>/c/foo/bar</filename>.
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This translation is normally only used when trying to derive the
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POSIX equivalent current directory. Otherwise, the handling of MS-DOS
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filenames bypasses the mount table.
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</para>
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<para>If you want to see the current set of mount points valid in your
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session, you can invoking the Cygwin tool <command>mount</command> without
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arguments:</para>
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<example id="pathnames-mount-ex">
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<title>Displaying the current set of mount points</title>
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<screen>
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<prompt>bash-3.2$</prompt> <userinput>mount</userinput>
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f:\cygwin\bin on /usr/bin type system (binmode)
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f:\cygwin\lib on /usr/lib type system (binmode)
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f:\cygwin on / type system (binmode)
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e:\src on /usr/src type system (binmode)
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c: on /cygdrive/c type user (binmode,noumount)
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e: on /cygdrive/e type user (binmode,noumount)
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</screen>
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</example>
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<para>You can also use the <command>mount</command> command to add
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new mount points, and the <command>umount</command> to delete
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them. However, since they are only noted in memory, these mount
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points will disappear as soon as your last Cygwin process ends.
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See <xref linkend="mount"></xref> and <xref linkend="umount"></xref> for more
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information.</para>
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<para>Whenever Cygwin cannot use any of the existing mounts to convert
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from a particular Win32 path to a POSIX one, Cygwin will
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automatically default to an imaginary mount point under the default POSIX
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path <filename>/cygdrive</filename>. For example, if Cygwin accesses
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<filename>Z:\foo</filename> and the Z drive is not currently in the
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mount table, then <filename>Z:\</filename> would be automatically
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converted to <filename>/cygdrive/Z</filename>. The default
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prefix of <filename>/cygdrive</filename> may be changed in the fstab file
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as outlined above.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="pathnames-additional"><title>Additional Path-related Information</title>
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<para>The <command>cygpath</command> program provides the ability to
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translate between Win32 and POSIX pathnames in shell scripts. See
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<xref linkend="cygpath"></xref> for the details.</para>
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<para>The <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>PATH</envar>, and
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<envar>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</envar> environment variables are automatically
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converted from Win32 format to POSIX format (e.g. from
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<filename>c:\cygwin\bin</filename> to <filename>/bin</filename>, if
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there was a mount from that Win32 path to that POSIX path) when a Cygwin
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process first starts.</para>
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<para>Symbolic links can also be used to map Win32 pathnames to POSIX.
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For example, the command
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<command>ln -s //pollux/home/joe/data /data</command> would have about
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the same effect as creating a mount point from
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<filename>//pollux/home/joe/data</filename> to <filename>/data</filename>
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using <command>mount</command>, except that symbolic links cannot set
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the default file access mode. Other differences are that the mapping is
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distributed throughout the file system and proceeds by iteratively
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walking the directory tree instead of matching the longest prefix in a
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kernel table. Note that symbolic links will only work on network
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drives that are properly configured to support the "system" file
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attribute. Many do not do so by default (the Unix Samba server does
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not by default, for example).</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="using-specialnames"><title>Special filenames</title>
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<sect2 id="pathnames-dosdevices">
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<title>DOS devices</title>
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<para>Filenames invalid under Win32 are not necessarily invalid
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under Cygwin since release 1.7.0. There are a couple of rules which
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apply to Windows filenames. First of all, DOS device names like
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<filename>AUX</filename>, <filename>COM1</filename>,
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<filename>LPT1</filename> or <filename>PRN</filename> (to name a few)
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cannot be used in a native Win32 application, even with an
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extension (<filename>prn.txt</filename>). Cygwin can handle files with
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these names just fine.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="pathnames-specialchars">
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<title>Special characters in filenames</title>
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<para>Win32 filenames can't contain trailing dots and spaces for backward
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compatibility. When trying to create files with trailing dots or spaces,
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all of them are removed before the file is created. This restriction does
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only affect native Win32 applications. Cygwin applications can create and
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access files with trailing dots and spaces without problems.</para>
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<para>Some characters are disallowed in filenames on Windows filesystems:</para>
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<screen>
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" * : < > ? | \
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</screen>
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<para>Cygwin can't fix this, but it has a method to workaround this
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restriction. All of the above characters, except for the backslash,
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are converted to special UNICODE characters in the range 0xf000 to 0xf0ff
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(the "Private use area") when creating or accessing files.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="pathnames-casesensitive">
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<title>Case sensitive filenames</title>
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<para>In the Win32 subsystem filenames are only case-preserved, but not
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case-sensitive. You can't access two files in the same directory which
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only differ by case, like <filename>Abc</filename> and
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<filename>aBc</filename>. While NTFS (and some remote filesystems)
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support case-sensitivity, the NT kernel starting with Windows XP does
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not support it by default. Rather, you have to tweak a registry setting
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and reboot. For that reason, case-sensitivity is not supported by Cygwin,
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unless you change that registry value.</para>
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<para>If you really want case-sensitivity in Cygwin, you can switch it
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on by setting the registry value</para>
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<screen>
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HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\kernel\obcaseinsensitive
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</screen>
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<para>to 0 and reboot the machine. For least surprise, Cygwin expects
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this registry value also on Windows NT4 and Windows 2000, which usually
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both don't know this registry key. If you want case-sensitivity on these
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systems, create that registry value and set it to 0. On these systems
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(and *only* on these systems) you don't have to reboot to bring it
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into effect.</para>
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<note>
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<para>
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Note that when installing Microsoft's Services For Unix (SFU), you're asked if
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you want to use case-sensitive filenames. If you answer "yes" at this point,
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the installer will change the aforementioned registry value to 0, too. So, if
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you have SFU installed, there's some chance that the registry value is already
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set to case sensitivity.
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</para>
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</note>
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<para>After you set this registry value to 0, Cygwin will be case-sensitive
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by default on NTFS and NFS filesystems. Be aware that using two filenames
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which only differ by case might result in some weird interoperability
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issues with native Win32 applications. You're using case-sensitivity
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at your own risk. You have been warned!</para>
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<para>Even if you use case-sensitivity, it might be feasible to switch to
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case-insensitivity for certain paths for better interoperability with
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native Win32 applications (even if it's just Windows Explorer). You can do
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this on a per-mount point base, by using the "posix=0" mount option in
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/etc/fstab, or your /etc/fstab.d/$USER file.</para>
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<para>For a start, it might be best to switch the cygdrive path to
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case-insensitivity, because the default Windows $PATH variable is not
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always using the correct case by default. As a result, your shell will
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claim that it can't find Windows commands like <command>attrib</command>
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or <command>net</command>. Here's an example how you can switch the
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cygdrive prefix to case-insensitivity:</para>
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<example id="mount-caseinsensitive">
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<title>Example mount point to enforce case-insensitivity on cygdrive paths</title>
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<screen>
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none /cygdrive cygdrive binary,posix=0 0 0
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</screen>
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</example>
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<para>Note that mount points as well as device names and virtual
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paths like /proc are always case-sensitive! The only exception are
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the subdirs and filenames under /proc/registry, /proc/registry32
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and /proc/registry64. Registry access is always case-insensitive.
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Read on for more information.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="pathnames-posixdevices"> <title>POSIX devices</title>
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<para>There is no need to create a POSIX <filename>/dev</filename>
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directory as Cygwin automatically simulates it internally.
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These devices cannot be seen with the command <command>ls /dev/</command>
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although commands such as <command>ls /dev/tty</command> work fine.
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If you want to be able to see all devices in
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<filename>/dev/</filename>, you can use Igor Pechtchanski's
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<ulink
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url="http://cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2004-03/txt00028.txt">create_devices.sh</ulink>
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script.
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</para>
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<para>
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Cygwin supports the following character devices commonly found on POSIX systems:
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</para>
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<screen>
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/dev/null
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/dev/zero
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/dev/full
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/dev/console Pseudo device name for the standard console window created
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by Windows. Same as the one used for cmd.exe. Every one
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of them has this name. It's not quite comparable with the
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console device on UNIX machines.
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/dev/tty The current tty of a session running in a pseudo tty.
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/dev/ptmx Pseudo tty master device.
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/dev/ttym
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/dev/tty0 Pseudo ttys are numbered from /dev/tty0 upwards as they are
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/dev/tty1 requested.
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...
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/dev/ttyS0 Serial communication devices. ttyS0 == Win32 COM1,
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/dev/ttyS1 ttyS1 == COM2, etc.
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...
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/dev/pipe
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/dev/fifo
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/dev/mem The physical memory of the machine. Note that access to the
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/dev/port physical memory has been restricted with Windows Server 2003.
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/dev/kmem Since this OS, you can't access physical memory from user space.
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/dev/kmsg Kernel message pipe, for usage with sys logger services.
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/dev/random Random number generator.
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/dev/urandom
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/dev/dsp Default sound device of the system.
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</screen>
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<para>
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Cygwin also has several Windows-specific devices:
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</para>
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<screen>
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/dev/com1 The serial ports, starting with COM1 which is the same as ttyS0.
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/dev/com2 Please use /dev/ttySx instead.
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...
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/dev/conin Same as Windows CONIN$.
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/dev/conout Same as Windows CONOUT$.
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/dev/clipboard The Windows clipboard, text only
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/dev/windows The Windows message queue.
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</screen>
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<para>
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Block devices are accessible by Cygwin processes using fixed POSIX device
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names. These POSIX device names are generated using a direct conversion
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from the POSIX namespace to the internal NT namespace.
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E.g. the first harddisk is the NT internal device \device\harddisk0\partition0
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or the first partition on the third harddisk is \device\harddisk2\partition1.
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The first floppy in the system is \device\floppy0, the first CD-ROM is
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\device\cdrom0 and the first tape drive is \device\tape0. The mapping
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to the POSIX /dev namespace is as follows:
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</para>
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<screen>
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/dev/st0 \device\tape0, rewind
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/dev/nst0 \device\tape0, no-rewind
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/dev/st1 \device\tape1
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/dev/nst1 \device\tape1
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...
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/dev/st15
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/dev/nst15
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/dev/fd0 \device\floppy0
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/dev/fd1 \device\floppy1
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...
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/dev/fd15
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/dev/sr0 \device\cdrom0
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/dev/sr1 \device\cdrom1
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...
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/dev/sr15
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/dev/scd0 \device\cdrom0
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/dev/scd1 \device\cdrom1
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...
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/dev/scd15
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/dev/sda \device\harddisk0\partition0 (whole disk)
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/dev/sda1 \device\harddisk0\partition1 (first partition)
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...
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/dev/sda15 \device\harddisk0\partition15 (fifteenth partition)
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/dev/sdb \device\harddisk1\partition0
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/dev/sdb1 \device\harddisk1\partition1
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[up to]
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/dev/sddx \device\harddisk127\partition0
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/dev/sddx1 \device\harddisk127\partition1
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...
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/dev/sddx15 \device\harddisk127\partition15
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</screen>
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<para>
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if you don't like these device names, feel free to create symbolic
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links as they are created on Linux systems for convenience:
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</para>
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<screen>
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ln -s /dev/sr0 /dev/cdrom
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ln -s /dev/nst0 /dev/tape
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...
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</screen>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="pathnames-exe"><title>The .exe extension</title>
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<para>Win32 executable filenames end with <filename>.exe</filename>
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but the <filename>.exe</filename> need not be included in the command,
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so that traditional UNIX names can be used. However, for programs that
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end in <filename>.bat</filename> and <filename>.com</filename>, you
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cannot omit the extension. </para>
|
|
|
|
<para>As a side effect, the <command> ls filename</command> gives
|
|
information about <filename>filename.exe</filename> if
|
|
<filename>filename.exe</filename> exists and <filename>filename</filename>
|
|
does not. In the same situation the function call
|
|
<function>stat("filename",..)</function> gives information about
|
|
<filename>filename.exe</filename>. The two files can be distinguished
|
|
by examining their inodes, as demonstrated below.
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<prompt>C:\></prompt> <userinput>ls * </userinput>
|
|
a a.exe b.exe
|
|
<prompt>C:\></prompt> <userinput>ls -i a a.exe</userinput>
|
|
445885548 a 435996602 a.exe
|
|
<prompt>C:\></prompt> <userinput>ls -i b b.exe</userinput>
|
|
432961010 b 432961010 b.exe
|
|
</screen>
|
|
If a shell script <filename>myprog</filename> and a program
|
|
<filename>myprog.exe</filename> coexist in a directory, the shell
|
|
script has precedence and is selected for execution of
|
|
<command>myprog</command>. Note that this was quite the reverse up to
|
|
Cygwin 1.5.19. It has been changed for consistency with the rest of Cygwin.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <command>gcc</command> compiler produces an executable named
|
|
<filename>filename.exe</filename> when asked to produce
|
|
<filename>filename</filename>. This allows many makefiles written
|
|
for UNIX systems to work well under Cygwin.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="pathnames-proc"><title>The /proc filesystem</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Cygwin, like Linux and other similar operating systems, supports the
|
|
<filename>/proc</filename> virtual filesystem. The files in this
|
|
directory are representations of various aspects of your system,
|
|
for example the command <userinput>cat /proc/cpuinfo</userinput>
|
|
displays information such as what model and speed processor you have.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
One unique aspect of the Cygwin <filename>/proc</filename> filesystem
|
|
is <filename>/proc/registry</filename>, which displays the Windows
|
|
registry with each <literal>KEY</literal> as a directory and each
|
|
<literal>VALUE</literal> as a file. As anytime you deal with the
|
|
Windows registry, use caution since changes may result in an unstable
|
|
or broken system. There are additionally subdirectories called
|
|
<filename>/proc/registry32</filename> and <filename>/proc/registry64</filename>.
|
|
They are identical to <filename>/proc/registry</filename> on 32 bit
|
|
host OSes. On 64 bit host OSes, <filename>/proc/registry32</filename>
|
|
opens the 32 bit processes view on the registry, while
|
|
<filename>/proc/registry64</filename> opens the 64 bit processes view.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The Cygwin <filename>/proc</filename> is not as complete as the
|
|
one in Linux, but it provides significant capabilities. The
|
|
<systemitem>procps</systemitem> package contains several utilities
|
|
that use it.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="pathnames-at"><title>The @pathnames</title>
|
|
<para>To circumvent the limitations on shell line length in the native
|
|
Windows command shells, Cygwin programs expand their arguments
|
|
starting with "@" in a special way. If a file
|
|
<filename>pathname</filename> exists, the argument
|
|
<filename>@pathname</filename> expands recursively to the content of
|
|
<filename>pathname</filename>. Double quotes can be used inside the
|
|
file to delimit strings containing blank space.
|
|
Embedded double quotes must be repeated.
|
|
In the following example compare the behaviors of the bash built-in
|
|
<command>echo</command> and of the program <command>/bin/echo</command>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<example id="pathnames-at-ex"><title> Using @pathname</title>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>echo 'This is "a long" line' > mylist</userinput>
|
|
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>echo @mylist</userinput>
|
|
@mylist
|
|
<prompt>c:\></prompt> <userinput>c:\cygwin\bin\echo @mylist</userinput>
|
|
This is a long line
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</example>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|