ff3e6bcbec
* strace.cc (mnemonic_table): Add pthread mask option. (usage): Document strace pthread mask option. * utils.sgml: Ditto. cygwin/ChangeLog: * include/sys/strace.h: Remove old code. Add support for ptrace tracing.
1932 lines
84 KiB
Plaintext
1932 lines
84 KiB
Plaintext
<sect1 id="using-utils"><title>Cygwin Utilities</title>
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<para>Cygwin comes with a number of command-line utilities that are
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used to manage the UNIX emulation portion of the Cygwin environment.
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While many of these reflect their UNIX counterparts, each was written
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specifically for Cygwin. You may use the long or short option names
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interchangeably; for example, <literal>--help</literal> and
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<literal>-h</literal> function identically. All of the Cygwin
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command-line utilities support the <literal>--help</literal> and
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<literal>--version</literal> options.
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</para>
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<sect2 id="cygcheck"><title>cygcheck</title>
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<screen>
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Usage: cygcheck [-v] [-h] PROGRAM
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cygcheck -c [-d] [PACKAGE]
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cygcheck -s [-r] [-v] [-h]
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cygcheck -k
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cygcheck -f FILE [FILE]...
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cygcheck -l [PACKAGE]...
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cygcheck -p REGEXP
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cygcheck --delete-orphaned-installation-keys
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cygcheck --enable-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL
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cygcheck --disable-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL
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cygcheck --show-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL
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cygcheck -h
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List system information, check installed packages, or query package database.
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At least one command option or a PROGRAM is required, as shown above.
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PROGRAM list library (DLL) dependencies of PROGRAM
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-c, --check-setup show installed version of PACKAGE and verify integrity
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(or for all installed packages if none specified)
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-d, --dump-only just list packages, do not verify (with -c)
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-s, --sysinfo produce diagnostic system information (implies -c -d)
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-r, --registry also scan registry for Cygwin settings (with -s)
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-k, --keycheck perform a keyboard check session (must be run from a
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plain console only, not from a pty/rxvt/xterm)
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-f, --find-package find the package to which FILE belongs
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-l, --list-package list contents of PACKAGE (or all packages if none given)
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-p, --package-query search for REGEXP in the entire cygwin.com package
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repository (requires internet connectivity)
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--delete-orphaned-installation-keys
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Delete installation keys of old, now unused
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installations from the registry. Requires the right
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to change the registry.
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--enable-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL
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--disable-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL
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--show-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL
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Enable, disable, or show the setting of the
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\"unique object names\" setting in the Cygwin DLL
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given as argument to this option. The DLL path must
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be given as valid Windows(!) path.
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See the users guide for more information.
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If you don't know what this means, don't change it.
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-v, --verbose produce more verbose output
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-h, --help annotate output with explanatory comments when given
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with another command, otherwise print this help
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-V, --version print the version of cygcheck and exit
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Note: -c, -f, and -l only report on packages that are currently installed. To
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search all official Cygwin packages use -p instead. The -p REGEXP matches
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package names, descriptions, and names of files/paths within all packages.
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</screen>
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<para>
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The <command>cygcheck</command> program is a diagnostic utility for
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dealing with Cygwin programs. If you are familiar with
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<command>dpkg</command> or <command>rpm</command>,
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<command>cygcheck</command> is similar in many ways. (The major difference
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is that <command>setup.exe</command> handles installing and uninstalling
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packages; see <xref linkend="internet-setup"></xref> for more information.)
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</para>
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<para>
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The <literal>-c</literal> option checks the version and status of
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installed Cygwin packages. If you specify one or more package names,
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<command>cygcheck</command> will limit its output to those packages,
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or with no arguments it lists all packages. A package will be marked
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<literal>Incomplete</literal> if files originally installed are no longer
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present. The best thing to do in that situation is reinstall the package
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with <command>setup.exe</command>. To see which files are missing, use the
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<literal>-v</literal> option. If you do not need to know the status
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of each package and want <command>cygcheck</command> to run faster, add the
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<literal>-d</literal> option and <command>cygcheck</command> will only
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output the name and version for each package.
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</para>
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<para>
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If you list one or more programs on the command line,
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<command>cygcheck</command> will diagnose the runtime environment of that
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program or programs, providing the names of DLL files on which the program
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depends. If you specify the <literal>-s</literal> option,
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<command>cygcheck</command> will give general system information. If you
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list one or more programs on the command line and specify
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<literal>-s</literal>, <command>cygcheck</command> will report on
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both.</para>
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<para>
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The <literal>-f</literal> option helps you to track down which package a
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file came from, and <literal>-l</literal> lists all files in a package.
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For example, to find out about <filename>/usr/bin/less</filename> and its
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package:
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<example id="utils-cygcheck-ex"><title>Example <command>cygcheck</command> usage</title>
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<screen>
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$ cygcheck -f /usr/bin/less
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less-381-1
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$ cygcheck -l less
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/usr/bin/less.exe
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/usr/bin/lessecho.exe
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/usr/bin/lesskey.exe
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/usr/man/man1/less.1
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/usr/man/man1/lesskey.1
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</screen>
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</example>
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</para>
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<para>The <literal>-h</literal> option prints additional helpful
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messages in the report, at the beginning of each section. It also
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adds table column headings. While this is useful information, it also
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adds some to the size of the report, so if you want a compact report
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or if you know what everything is already, just leave this out.</para>
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<para>The <literal>-v</literal> option causes the output to be more
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verbose. What this means is that additional information will be
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reported which is usually not interesting, such as the internal
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version numbers of DLLs, additional information about recursive DLL
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usage, and if a file in one directory in the PATH also occurs in other
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directories on the PATH. </para>
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<para>The <literal>-r</literal> option causes
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<command>cygcheck</command> to search your registry for information
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that is relevent to Cygwin programs. These registry entries are the
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ones that have "Cygwin" in the name. If you are paranoid about
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privacy, you may remove information from this report, but please keep
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in mind that doing so makes it harder to diagnose your problems.</para>
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<para>In contrast to the other options that search the packages that are
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installed on your local system, the <literal>-p</literal> option can be used
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to search the entire official Cygwin package repository. It takes as argument
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a Perl-compatible regular expression which is used to match package names,
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package descriptions, and path/filenames of the contents of packages. This
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feature requires an active internet connection, since it must query the
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<literal>cygwin.com</literal> web site. In fact, it is equalivant to the
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search that is available on the <ulink url="http://cygwin.com/packages/">Cygwin
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package listing</ulink> page.</para>
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<para>For example, perhaps you are getting an error because you are missing a
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certain DLL and you want to know which package includes that file:
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<example id="utils-search-ex"><title>Searching all packages for a file</title>
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<screen>
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$ cygcheck -p 'cygintl-2\.dll'
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Found 1 matches for 'cygintl-2\.dll'.
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libintl2-0.12.1-3 GNU Internationalization runtime library
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$ cygcheck -p 'libexpat.*\.a'
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Found 2 matches for 'libexpat.*\.a'.
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expat-1.95.7-1 XML parser library written in C
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expat-1.95.8-1 XML parser library written in C
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$ cygcheck -p '/ls\.exe'
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Found 2 matches for '/ls\.exe'.
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coreutils-5.2.1-5 GNU core utilities (includes fileutils, sh-utils and textutils)
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coreutils-5.3.0-6 GNU core utilities (includes fileutils, sh-utils and textutils)
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</screen>
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</example>
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</para>
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<para>Note that this option takes a regular expression, not a glob or wildcard.
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This means that you need to use <literal>.*</literal> if you want something
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similar to the wildcard <literal>*</literal> commonly used in filename globbing.
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Similarly, to match the period character you should use <literal>\.</literal>
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since the <literal>.</literal> character in a regexp is a metacharacter that
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will match any character. Also be aware that the characters such as
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<literal>\</literal> and <literal>*</literal> are shell metacharacters, so
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they must be either escaped or quoted, as in the example above.</para>
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<para>The third example above illustrates that if you want to match a whole
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filename, you should include the <literal>/</literal> path seperator. In the
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given example this ensures that filenames that happen to end in
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<literal>ls.exe</literal> such as <literal>ncftpls.exe</literal> are not shown.
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Note that this use does not mean "look for packages with <literal>ls</literal>
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in the root directory," since the <literal>/</literal> can match anywhere in the
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path. It's just there to anchor the match so that it matches a full
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filename.</para>
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<para>By default the matching is case-sensitive. To get a case insensitive
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match, begin your regexp with <literal>(?i)</literal> which is a PCRE-specific
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feature. For complete documentation on Perl-compatible regular expression
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syntax and options, read the <command>perlre</command> manpage, or one of many
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websites such as <literal>perldoc.com</literal> that document the Perl
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language.</para>
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<para>The <command>cygcheck</command> program should be used to send
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information about your system for troubleshooting when requested.
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When asked to run this command save the output so that you can email it,
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for example:</para>
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<screen>
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<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>cygcheck -s -v -r -h > cygcheck_output.txt</userinput>
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</screen>
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<para>
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Each Cygwin DLL stores its path and installation key in the registry.
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This allows troubleshooting of problems which could be a result of having
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multiple concurrent Cygwin installations. However, if you're experimenting
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a lot with different Cygwin installation paths, your registry could
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accumulate a lot of old Cygwin installation entries for which the
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installation doesn't exist anymore. To get rid of these orphaned registry
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entries, use the <command>cygcheck --delete-orphaned-installation-keys</command>
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command.</para>
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<para>
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Each Cygwin DLL generates a key value from its installation path. This
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value is not only stored in the registry, it's also used to generate
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global object names used for interprocess communication. This keeps
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different Cygwin installations separate. Processes running under a
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Cygwin DLL installed in C:\cygwin don't see processes running under a
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Cygwin DLL installed in C:\Program Files\cygwin. This allows
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running multiple versions of Cygwin DLLs without these versions to
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interfere with each other, or to run small third-party installations
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for a specific purpose independently from a Cygwin net distribution.
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</para>
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<para>
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For debugging purposes it could be desired that the various Cygwin DLLs
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use the same key, independently from their installation paths. If the
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DLLs have different versions, trying to run processes under these DLLs
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concurrently will result in error messages like this one:</para>
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<screen>
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*** shared version mismatch detected - 0x8A88009C/0x75BE0074.
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This problem is probably due to using incompatible versions of the cygwin DLL.
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Search for cygwin1.dll using the Windows Start->Find/Search facility
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and delete all but the most recent version. The most recent version *should*
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reside in x:\\cygwin\\bin, where 'x' is the drive on which you have
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installed the cygwin distribution. Rebooting is also suggested if you
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are unable to find another cygwin DLL.
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</screen>
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<para>
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To disable the usage of a unique key value of a certain Cygwin DLL, use
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the <command>cygcheck --disable-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL</command>
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command. <literal>Cygwin-DLL</literal> is the Windows path (*not* a
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Cygwin POSIX path) to the DLL for which you want to disable this feature.
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Note that you have to stop all Cygwin processes running under this DLL,
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before you're allowed to change this setting. For instance, run
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<command>cygcheck</command> from a DOS command line for this purpose.</para>
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<para>To re-enable the usage of a unique key, use the
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<command>cygcheck --enable-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL</command> command.
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This option has the same characteristics as the
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<literal>--disable-unique-object-names</literal> option</para>
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<para>Finally, you can use
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<command>cygcheck --show-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL</command> to find out
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if the given Cygwin DLL use unique object names or not. In contrast to the
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<literal>--disable-...</literal> and <literal>--enable-...</literal> options,
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the <literal>--show-unique-object-names</literal> option also works for
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Cygwin DLLs which are currently in use.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="cygpath"><title>cygpath</title>
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<screen>
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Usage: cygpath (-d|-m|-u|-w|-t TYPE) [-f FILE] [OPTION]... NAME...
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cygpath [-c HANDLE]
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cygpath [-ADHOPSW]
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cygpath [-F ID]
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Convert Unix and Windows format paths, or output system path information
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Output type options:
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-d, --dos print DOS (short) form of NAMEs (C:\PROGRA~1\)
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-m, --mixed like --windows, but with regular slashes (C:/WINNT)
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-M, --mode report on mode of file (currently binmode or textmode)
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-u, --unix (default) print Unix form of NAMEs (/cygdrive/c/winnt)
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-w, --windows print Windows form of NAMEs (C:\WINNT)
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-t, --type TYPE print TYPE form: 'dos', 'mixed', 'unix', or 'windows'
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Path conversion options:
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-a, --absolute output absolute path
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-l, --long-name print Windows long form of NAMEs (with -w, -m only)
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-p, --path NAME is a PATH list (i.e., '/bin:/usr/bin')
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-s, --short-name print DOS (short) form of NAMEs (with -w, -m only)
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-C, --codepage CP print DOS, Windows, or mixed pathname in Windows
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codepage CP. CP can be a numeric codepage identifier,
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or one of the reserved words ANSI, OEM, or UTF8.
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If this option is missing, cygpath defaults to the
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character set defined by the current locale.
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System information:
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-A, --allusers use `All Users' instead of current user for -D, -P
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-D, --desktop output `Desktop' directory and exit
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-H, --homeroot output `Profiles' directory (home root) and exit
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-O, --mydocs output `My Documents' directory and exit
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-P, --smprograms output Start Menu `Programs' directory and exit
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-S, --sysdir output system directory and exit
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-W, --windir output `Windows' directory and exit
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-F, --folder ID output special folder with numeric ID and exit
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Other options:
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-f, --file FILE read FILE for input; use - to read from STDIN
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-o, --option read options from FILE as well (for use with --file)
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-c, --close HANDLE close HANDLE (for use in captured process)
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-i, --ignore ignore missing argument
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-h, --help output usage information and exit
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-v, --version output version information and exit
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</screen>
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<para>The <command>cygpath</command> program is a utility that
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converts Windows native filenames to Cygwin POSIX-style pathnames and
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vice versa. It can be used when a Cygwin program needs to pass a file
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name to a native Windows program, or expects to get a file name from a
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native Windows program. Alternatively, <command>cygpath</command> can
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output information about the location of important system directories
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in either format.
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</para>
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<para>The <literal>-u</literal> and <literal>-w</literal> options
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indicate whether you want a conversion to UNIX (POSIX) format
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(<literal>-u</literal>) or to Windows format (<literal>-w</literal>).
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Use the <literal>-d</literal> to get DOS-style (8.3) file and path names.
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The <literal>-m</literal> option will output Windows-style format
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but with forward slashes instead of backslashes. This option is
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especially useful in shell scripts, which use backslashes as an escape
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character.</para>
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<para> In combination with the <literal>-w</literal> option, you can use
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the <literal>-l</literal> and <literal>-s</literal> options to use normal
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(long) or DOS-style (short) form. The <literal>-d</literal> option is
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identical to <literal>-w</literal> and <literal>-s</literal> together.
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</para>
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<para>The <literal>-C</literal> option allows to specify a Windows codepage
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to print DOS and Windows paths created with one of the <literal>-d</literal>,
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<literal>-m</literal>, or <literal>-w</literal> options. The default is to
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use the character set of the current locale defined by one of the
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internationalization environment variables <envar>LC_ALL</envar>,
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<envar>LC_CTYPE</envar>, or <envar>LANG</envar>, see
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<xref linkend="setup-locale"></xref>. This is sometimes not sufficent for
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interaction with native Windows tools, which might expect native, non-ASCII
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characters in a specific Windows codepage. Console tools, for instance, might
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expect pathnames in the current OEM codepage, while graphical tools like
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Windows Explorer might expect pathnames in the current ANSI codepage.</para>
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<para>The <literal>-C</literal> option takes a single parameter:</para>
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<itemizedlist spacing="compact">
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<listitem><para><literal>ANSI</literal>, to specify the current ANSI codepage</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><literal>OEM</literal>, to specify the current OEM (console) codepage</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><literal>UTF8</literal>, to specify UTF-8.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>A numerical, decimal codepage number, for instance 936 for GBK,
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28593 for ISO-8859-3, etc. A full list of supported codepages is listed on the
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Microsoft MSDN page
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<ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd317756(VS.85).aspx">Code Page Identifiers</ulink>. A codepage of 0 is the same as if the
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<literal>-C</literal> hasn't been specified at all.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>The <literal>-p</literal> option means that you want to convert
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a path-style string rather than a single filename. For example, the
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PATH environment variable is semicolon-delimited in Windows, but
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colon-delimited in UNIX. By giving <literal>-p</literal> you are
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instructing <command>cygpath</command> to convert between these
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formats.</para>
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<para>The <literal>-i</literal> option supresses the print out of the
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usage message if no filename argument was given. It can be used in
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make file rules converting variables that may be omitted
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to a proper format. Note that <command>cygpath</command> output may
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contain spaces (C:\Program Files) so should be enclosed in quotes.
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</para>
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<example id="utils-cygpath-ex"><title>Example <command>cygpath</command> usage</title>
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<screen>
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<![CDATA[
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#!/bin/sh
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if [ "${1}" = "" ];
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then
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XPATH=".";
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else
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XPATH="$(cygpath -C ANSI -w "${1}")";
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fi
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explorer $XPATH &
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]]>
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</screen>
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</example>
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<para>The capital options
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<literal>-D</literal>, <literal>-H</literal>, <literal>-P</literal>,
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<literal>-S</literal>, and <literal>-W</literal> output directories used
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by Windows that are not the same on all systems, for example
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<literal>-S</literal> might output C:\WINNT\system32 or C:\Windows\System32.
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The <literal>-H</literal> shows the Windows profiles directory that can
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be used as root of home. The <literal>-A</literal> option forces use of
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the "All Users" directories instead of the current user for the
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<literal>-D</literal>, <literal>-O</literal> and <literal>-P</literal>
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options.
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The <literal>-F</literal> outputs other special folders specified by
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their internal numeric code (decimal or 0xhex). For valid codes and
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symbolic names, see the CSIDL_* definitions in the include file
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/usr/include/w32api/shlobj.h from package w32api. The current valid
|
|
range of codes for folders is 0 (Desktop) to 59 (CDBurn area).
|
|
By default the output is in UNIX (POSIX) format;
|
|
use the <literal>-w</literal> or <literal>-d</literal> options to get
|
|
other formats.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="dumper"><title>dumper</title>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Usage: dumper [OPTION] FILENAME WIN32PID
|
|
Dump core from WIN32PID to FILENAME.core
|
|
|
|
-d, --verbose be verbose while dumping
|
|
-h, --help output help information and exit
|
|
-q, --quiet be quiet while dumping (default)
|
|
-v, --version output version information and exit
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <command>dumper</command> utility can be used to create a
|
|
core dump of running Windows process. This core dump can be later loaded
|
|
to <command>gdb</command> and analyzed. One common way to use
|
|
<command>dumper</command> is to plug it into cygwin's Just-In-Time
|
|
debugging facility by adding
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
error_start=x:\path\to\dumper.exe
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
to the <emphasis>CYGWIN</emphasis> environment variable. Please note that
|
|
<literal>x:\path\to\dumper.exe</literal> is Windows-style and not cygwin
|
|
path. If <literal>error_start</literal> is set this way, then dumper will
|
|
be started whenever some program encounters a fatal error.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<command>dumper</command> can be also be started from the command line to
|
|
create a core dump of any running process. Unfortunately, because of a Windows
|
|
API limitation, when a core dump is created and <command>dumper</command>
|
|
exits, the target process is terminated too.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To save space in the core dump, <command>dumper</command> doesn't write those
|
|
portions of target process' memory space that are loaded from executable and
|
|
dll files and are unchangeable, such as program code and debug info. Instead,
|
|
<command>dumper</command> saves paths to files which contain that data. When a
|
|
core dump is loaded into gdb, it uses these paths to load appropriate files.
|
|
That means that if you create a core dump on one machine and try to debug it on
|
|
another, you'll need to place identical copies of the executable and dlls in
|
|
the same directories as on the machine where the core dump was created.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="getfacl"><title>getfacl</title>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Usage: getfacl [-adn] FILE [FILE2...]
|
|
Display file and directory access control lists (ACLs).
|
|
|
|
-a, --all display the filename, the owner, the group, and
|
|
the ACL of the file
|
|
-d, --dir display the filename, the owner, the group, and
|
|
the default ACL of the directory, if it exists
|
|
-h, --help output usage information and exit
|
|
-n, --noname display user and group IDs instead of names
|
|
-v, --version output version information and exit
|
|
|
|
When multiple files are specified on the command line, a blank
|
|
line separates the ACLs for each file.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
For each argument that is a regular file, special file or
|
|
directory, <command>getfacl</command> displays the owner, the group, and the
|
|
ACL. For directories <command>getfacl</command> displays additionally the
|
|
default ACL. With no options specified, <command>getfacl</command> displays
|
|
the filename, the owner, the group, and both the ACL and the default ACL, if
|
|
it exists. For more information on Cygwin and Windows ACLs, see
|
|
<xref linkend="ntsec"></xref> in the Cygwin User's Guide.
|
|
The format for ACL output is as follows:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
# file: filename
|
|
# owner: name or uid
|
|
# group: name or uid
|
|
user::perm
|
|
user:name or uid:perm
|
|
group::perm
|
|
group:name or gid:perm
|
|
mask:perm
|
|
other:perm
|
|
default:user::perm
|
|
default:user:name or uid:perm
|
|
default:group::perm
|
|
default:group:name or gid:perm
|
|
default:mask:perm
|
|
default:other:perm
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="kill"><title>kill</title>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Usage: kill [-f] [-signal] [-s signal] pid1 [pid2 ...]
|
|
kill -l [signal]
|
|
Send signals to processes
|
|
|
|
-f, --force force, using win32 interface if necessary
|
|
-l, --list print a list of signal names
|
|
-s, --signal send signal (use kill --list for a list)
|
|
-h, --help output usage information and exit
|
|
-v, --version output version information and exit
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <command>kill</command> program allows you to send arbitrary
|
|
signals to other Cygwin programs. The usual purpose is to end a
|
|
running program from some other window when ^C won't work, but you can
|
|
also send program-specified signals such as SIGUSR1 to trigger actions
|
|
within the program, like enabling debugging or re-opening log files.
|
|
Each program defines the signals they understand.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You may need to specify the full path to use <command>kill</command>
|
|
from within some shells, including <command>bash</command>, the default Cygwin
|
|
shell. This is because <command>bash</command> defines a
|
|
<command>kill</command> builtin function; see the <command>bash</command>
|
|
man page under <emphasis>BUILTIN COMMANDS</emphasis> for more information.
|
|
To make sure you are using the Cygwin version, try
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ /bin/kill --version
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
which should give the Cygwin <command>kill</command> version number and
|
|
copyright information.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Unless you specific the <literal>-f</literal> option, the "pid" values
|
|
used by <command>kill</command> are the Cygwin pids, not the Windows pids.
|
|
To get a list of running programs and their Cygwin pids, use the Cygwin
|
|
<command>ps</command> program. <command>ps -W</command> will display
|
|
<emphasis>all</emphasis> windows pids.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <command>kill -l</command> option prints the name of the
|
|
given signal, or a list of all signal names if no signal is given.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>To send a specific signal, use the <literal>-signN</literal>
|
|
option, either with a signal number or a signal name (minus the "SIG"
|
|
part), as shown in these examples:</para>
|
|
|
|
<example id="utils-kill-ex"><title>Using the kill command</title>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kill 123</userinput>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kill -1 123</userinput>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kill -HUP 123</userinput>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kill -f 123</userinput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
<para>Here is a list of available signals, their numbers, and some
|
|
commentary on them, from the file
|
|
<literal><sys/signal.h></literal>, which should be considered
|
|
the official source of this information.</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
SIGHUP 1 hangup
|
|
SIGINT 2 interrupt
|
|
SIGQUIT 3 quit
|
|
SIGILL 4 illegal instruction (not reset when caught)
|
|
SIGTRAP 5 trace trap (not reset when caught)
|
|
SIGABRT 6 used by abort
|
|
SIGEMT 7 EMT instruction
|
|
SIGFPE 8 floating point exception
|
|
SIGKILL 9 kill (cannot be caught or ignored)
|
|
SIGBUS 10 bus error
|
|
SIGSEGV 11 segmentation violation
|
|
SIGSYS 12 bad argument to system call
|
|
SIGPIPE 13 write on a pipe with no one to read it
|
|
SIGALRM 14 alarm clock
|
|
SIGTERM 15 software termination signal from kill
|
|
SIGURG 16 urgent condition on IO channel
|
|
SIGSTOP 17 sendable stop signal not from tty
|
|
SIGTSTP 18 stop signal from tty
|
|
SIGCONT 19 continue a stopped process
|
|
SIGCHLD 20 to parent on child stop or exit
|
|
SIGTTIN 21 to readers pgrp upon background tty read
|
|
SIGTTOU 22 like TTIN for output if (tp->t_local&LTOSTOP)
|
|
SIGPOLL 23 System V name for SIGIO
|
|
SIGXCPU 24 exceeded CPU time limit
|
|
SIGXFSZ 25 exceeded file size limit
|
|
SIGVTALRM 26 virtual time alarm
|
|
SIGPROF 27 profiling time alarm
|
|
SIGWINCH 28 window changed
|
|
SIGLOST 29 resource lost (eg, record-lock lost)
|
|
SIGUSR1 30 user defined signal 1
|
|
SIGUSR2 31 user defined signal 2
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="locale"><title>locale</title>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Usage: locale [-amsuUvh]
|
|
or: locale [-ck] NAME
|
|
Get locale-specific information.
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
-a, --all-locales List all available supported locales
|
|
-c, --category-name List information about given category NAME
|
|
-k, --keyword-name Print information about given keyword NAME
|
|
-m, --charmaps List all available character maps
|
|
-s, --system Print system default locale
|
|
-u, --user Print user's default locale
|
|
-U, --utf Attach ".UTF-8" to the result
|
|
-v, --verbose More verbose output
|
|
-h, --help This text
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para><command>locale</command> without parameters prints information about
|
|
the current locale environment settings.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>-u</literal> option prints the current user's Windows
|
|
default locale to stdout. The <literal>-s</literal> option prints the
|
|
systems default locale instead. With the <literal>-U</literal> option
|
|
<command>locale</command> appends a ".UTF-8". This can be used in scripts
|
|
to set the Cygwin locale to the Windows user or system default, for instance:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
bash$ export LANG=$(locale -uU)
|
|
bash$ echo $LANG
|
|
en_US.UTF-8
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>-a</literal> option is helpful to learn which locales
|
|
are supported by your Windows machine. It prints all available locales
|
|
and the allowed modifiers. The <literal>-v</literal> option prints
|
|
additionally the English names of the language and territory connected
|
|
to this locale. Example:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
bash$ locale -av
|
|
ar_SA Arabic (Saudi Arabia)
|
|
ar_IQ Arabic (Iraq)
|
|
...
|
|
zh_TW Chinese (Traditional) (Taiwan)
|
|
zh_TW@cjknarrow Chinese (Traditional) (Taiwan)
|
|
...
|
|
de_AT German (Austria)
|
|
de_AT@euro German (Austria)
|
|
...
|
|
en_US English (United States)
|
|
en_GB English (United Kingdom)
|
|
en_AU English (Australia)
|
|
...
|
|
sr_RS Serbian (Cyrillic) (Serbia)
|
|
sr_RS@latin Serbian (Latin) (Serbia)
|
|
...
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>-m</literal> option prints the names of the available
|
|
charmaps supported by Cygwin to stdout.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Otherwise, if arguments are given, <command>locale</command> prints
|
|
the values assigned to these arguments. Arguments can be names of locale
|
|
categories (for instance: LC_CTYPE, LC_MONETARY), or names of keywords
|
|
supported in the locale categories (for instance: thousands_sep, charmap).
|
|
The <literal>-c</literal> option prints additionally the name of the category.
|
|
The <literal>-k</literal> option prints additionally the name of the keyword.
|
|
Example:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
bash$ locale -ck LC_MESSAGES
|
|
LC_MESSAGES
|
|
yesexpr="^[yY]"
|
|
noexpr="^[nN]"
|
|
yesstr="yes"
|
|
nostr="no"
|
|
messages-codeset="UTF-8"
|
|
bash$ locale noexpr
|
|
^[nN]
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="mkgroup"><title>mkgroup</title>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Usage: mkgroup [OPTION]...
|
|
Print /etc/group file to stdout
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
-l,--local [machine[,offset]]
|
|
print local groups with gid offset offset
|
|
(from local machine if no machine specified)
|
|
-L,--Local [machine[,offset]]
|
|
ditto, but generate groupname with machine prefix
|
|
-d,--domain [domain[,offset]]
|
|
print domain groups with gid offset offset
|
|
(from current domain if no domain specified)
|
|
-D,--Domain [domain[,offset]]
|
|
ditto, but generate groupname with machine prefix
|
|
-c,--current print current group
|
|
-C,--Current ditto, but generate groupname with machine or
|
|
domain prefix
|
|
-S,--separator char for -L, -D, -C use character char as domain\group
|
|
separator in groupname instead of the default '\'
|
|
-o,--id-offset offset change the default offset (10000) added to gids
|
|
in domain or foreign server accounts.
|
|
-g,--group groupname only return information for the specified group
|
|
one of -l, -L, -d, -D must be specified, too
|
|
-b,--no-builtin don't print BUILTIN groups
|
|
-U,--unix grouplist additionally print UNIX groups when using -l or -L
|
|
on a UNIX Samba server
|
|
grouplist is a comma-separated list of groupnames
|
|
or gid ranges (root,-25,50-100).
|
|
(enumerating large ranges can take a long time!)
|
|
-s,--no-sids (ignored)
|
|
-u,--users (ignored)
|
|
-h,--help print this message
|
|
-v,--version print version information and exit
|
|
|
|
Default is to print local groups on stand-alone machines, plus domain
|
|
groups on domain controllers and domain member machines.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <command>mkgroup</command> program can be used to help
|
|
configure Cygwin by creating a <filename>/etc/group</filename>
|
|
file. Its use is essential to include Windows security information.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The command is initially called by <command>setup.exe</command> to
|
|
create a default <filename>/etc/group</filename>. This should be
|
|
sufficient in most circumstances. However, especially when working
|
|
in a multi-domain environment, you can use <command>mkgroup</command>
|
|
manually to create a more complete <filename>/etc/group</filename> file for
|
|
all domains. Especially when you have the same group name used on
|
|
multiple machines or in multiple domains, you can use the <literal>-D</literal>,
|
|
<literal>-L</literal> and <literal>-C</literal> options to create unique
|
|
domain\group style groupnames.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that this information is static. If you change the group
|
|
information in your system, you'll need to regenerate the group file
|
|
for it to have the new information.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>-d/-D</literal> and <literal>-l/-L</literal> options
|
|
allow you to specify where the information comes from, the
|
|
local SAM of a machine or from the domain, or both.
|
|
With the <literal>-d/-D</literal> options the program contacts a Domain
|
|
Controller, which my be unreachable or have restricted access.
|
|
Comma-separated from the machine or domain, you can specify an offset
|
|
which is used as base added to the group's RID to compute the gid
|
|
(offset + RID = gid). This allows you to create the same gids every time you
|
|
re-run <command>mkgroup</command>.
|
|
For very simple needs, an entry for the current user's group can be
|
|
created by using the option <literal>-c</literal> or <literal>-C</literal>.
|
|
If you want to use one of the <literal>-D</literal>, <literal>-L</literal>
|
|
or <literal>-C</literal> options, but you don't like the backslash as
|
|
domain/group separator, you can specify another separator using the
|
|
<literal>-S</literal> option, for instance:</para>
|
|
|
|
<example id="utils-mkgroup-ex"><title>Setting up group entry for current user with different domain/group separator</title>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mkgroup -C -S+ > /etc/group</userinput>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>cat /etc/group</userinput>
|
|
DOMAIN+my_group:S-1-5-21-2913048732-1697188782-3448811101-1144:11144:
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>-o</literal> option allows for special cases
|
|
(such as multiple domains) where the GIDs might match otherwise.
|
|
The <literal>-g</literal> option only prints the information for one group.
|
|
The <literal>-U</literal> option allows you to enumerate the standard UNIX
|
|
groups on a Samba machine. It's used together with
|
|
<literal>-l samba-server</literal> or <literal>-L samba-server</literal>.
|
|
The normal UNIX groups are usually not enumerated, but they can show
|
|
up as a group in <command>ls -l</command> output.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="mkpasswd"><title>mkpasswd</title>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Usage: mkpasswd [OPTIONS]...
|
|
Print /etc/passwd file to stdout
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
-l,--local [machine[,offset]]
|
|
print local user accounts with uid offset offset
|
|
(from local machine if no machine specified)
|
|
-L,--Local [machine[,offset]]
|
|
ditto, but generate username with machine prefix
|
|
-d,--domain [domain[,offset]]
|
|
print domain accounts with uid offset offset
|
|
(from current domain if no domain specified)
|
|
-D,--Domain [domain[,offset]]
|
|
ditto, but generate username with domain prefix
|
|
-c,--current print current user
|
|
-C,--Current ditto, but generate username with machine or
|
|
domain prefix
|
|
-S,--separator char for -L, -D, -C use character char as domain\user
|
|
separator in username instead of the default '\'
|
|
-o,--id-offset offset change the default offset (10000) added to uids
|
|
in domain or foreign server accounts.
|
|
-u,--username username only return information for the specified user
|
|
one of -l, -L, -d, -D must be specified, too
|
|
-p,--path-to-home path use specified path instead of user account home dir
|
|
or /home prefix
|
|
-m,--no-mount don't use mount points for home dir
|
|
-U,--unix userlist additionally print UNIX users when using -l or -L\
|
|
on a UNIX Samba server
|
|
userlist is a comma-separated list of usernames
|
|
or uid ranges (root,-25,50-100).
|
|
(enumerating large ranges can take a long time!)
|
|
-s,--no-sids (ignored)
|
|
-g,--local-groups (ignored)
|
|
-h,--help displays this message
|
|
-v,--version version information and exit
|
|
|
|
Default is to print local accounts on stand-alone machines, domain accounts
|
|
on domain controllers and domain member machines.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <command>mkpasswd</command> program can be used to help
|
|
configure Cygwin by creating a <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> from
|
|
your system information.
|
|
Its use is essential to include Windows security information. However,
|
|
the actual passwords are determined by Windows, not by the content of
|
|
<filename>/etc/passwd</filename>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The command is initially called by <command>setup.exe</command> to
|
|
create a default <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>. This should be
|
|
sufficient in most circumstances. However, especially when working
|
|
in a multi-domain environment, you can use <command>mkpasswd</command>
|
|
manually to create a more complete <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file for
|
|
all domains. Especially when you have the same user name used on
|
|
multiple machines or in multiple domains, you can use the <literal>-D</literal>,
|
|
<literal>-L</literal> and <literal>-C</literal> options to create unique
|
|
domain\user style usernames.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that this information is static. If you change the user
|
|
information in your system, you'll need to regenerate the passwd file
|
|
for it to have the new information.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>-d/-D</literal> and <literal>-l/-L</literal> options
|
|
allow you to specify where the information comes from, the
|
|
local machine or the domain (default or given), or both.
|
|
With the <literal>-d/-D</literal> options the program contacts the Domain
|
|
Controller, which may be unreachable or have restricted access.
|
|
Comma-separated from the machine or domain, you can specify an offset
|
|
which is used as base added to the user's RID to compute the uid
|
|
(offset + RID = uid). This allows to create the same uids every time you
|
|
re-run <command>mkpasswd</command>.
|
|
An entry for the current user can be created by using the
|
|
option <literal>-c</literal> or <literal>-C</literal>.
|
|
If you want to use one of the <literal>-D</literal>, <literal>-L</literal>
|
|
or <literal>-C</literal> options, but you don't like the backslash as
|
|
domain/group separator, you can specify another separator using the
|
|
<literal>-S</literal> option, similar to the <command>mkgroup</command>.
|
|
The <literal>-o</literal> option allows for special cases
|
|
(such as multiple domains) where the UIDs might match otherwise.
|
|
The <literal>-m</literal> option bypasses the current
|
|
mount table so that, for example, two users who have a Windows home
|
|
directory of H: could mount them differently. For more information on
|
|
SIDs, see <xref linkend="ntsec"></xref> in the Cygwin User's Guide. The
|
|
<literal>-p</literal> option causes <command>mkpasswd</command> to
|
|
use the specified prefix instead of the account home dir or <literal>/home/
|
|
</literal>. For example, this command:
|
|
|
|
<example id="utils-althome-ex"><title>Using an alternate home root</title>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mkpasswd -l -p "$(cygpath -H)" > /etc/passwd</userinput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
would put local users' home directories in the Windows 'Profiles' directory.
|
|
The <literal>-u</literal> option creates just an entry for
|
|
the specified user.
|
|
The <literal>-U</literal> option allows you to enumerate the standard UNIX
|
|
users on a Samba machine. It's used together with
|
|
<literal>-l samba-server</literal> or <literal>-L samba-server</literal>.
|
|
The normal UNIX users are usually not enumerated, but they can show
|
|
up as file owners in <command>ls -l</command> output.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="mount"><title>mount</title>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Usage: mount [OPTION] [<win32path> <posixpath>]
|
|
mount -a
|
|
mount <posixpath>
|
|
Display information about mounted filesystems, or mount a filesystem
|
|
|
|
-a, --all mount all filesystems mentioned in fstab
|
|
-c, --change-cygdrive-prefix change the cygdrive path prefix to <posixpath>
|
|
-f, --force force mount, don't warn about missing mount
|
|
point directories
|
|
-h, --help output usage information and exit
|
|
-m, --mount-entries write fstab entries to replicate mount points
|
|
and cygdrive prefixes
|
|
-o, --options X[,X...] specify mount options
|
|
-p, --show-cygdrive-prefix show user and/or system cygdrive path prefix
|
|
-v, --version output version information and exit
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <command>mount</command> program is used to map your drives
|
|
and shares onto Cygwin's simulated POSIX directory tree, much like as is
|
|
done by mount commands on typical UNIX systems. However, in contrast to
|
|
mount points given in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, mount points
|
|
created or changed with <command>mount</command> are not persistent. They
|
|
disappear immediately after the last process of the current user exited.
|
|
Please see <xref linkend="mount-table"></xref> for more information on the
|
|
concepts behind the Cygwin POSIX file system and strategies for using
|
|
mounts. To remove mounts temporarily, use <command>umount</command></para>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="utils-mount"><title>Using mount</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you just type <command>mount</command> with no parameters, it
|
|
will display the current mount table for you.</para>
|
|
|
|
<example id="utils-mount-ex">
|
|
<title>Displaying the current set of mount points</title>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount</userinput>
|
|
c:\cygwin\bin on /usr/bin type ntfs (binary)
|
|
c:\cygwin\lib on /usr/lib type ntfs (binary)
|
|
c:\cygwin on / type ntfs (binary)
|
|
c: on /c type ntfs (binary,user,noumount)
|
|
d: on /d type fat (binary,user,noumount)
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
<para>In this example, c:\cygwin is the POSIX root and D drive is mapped to
|
|
<filename>/d</filename>. Note that in this case, the root mount is a
|
|
system-wide mount point that is visible to all users running Cygwin
|
|
programs, whereas the <filename>/d</filename> mount is only visible
|
|
to the current user.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <command>mount</command> utility is also the mechanism for
|
|
adding new mounts to the mount table. The following example
|
|
demonstrates how to mount the directory
|
|
<filename>//pollux/home/joe/data</filename> to <filename>/data</filename>
|
|
for the duration of the current session.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<example id="utils-mount-add-ex">
|
|
<title>Adding mount points</title>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>ls /data</userinput>
|
|
ls: /data: No such file or directory
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount //pollux/home/joe/data /data</userinput>
|
|
mount: warning - /data does not exist!
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount</userinput>
|
|
//pollux/home/joe/data on /data type smbfs (binary)
|
|
c:/cygwin/bin on /usr/bin type ntfs (binary)
|
|
c:/cygwin/lib on /usr/lib type ntfs (binary)
|
|
c:/cygwin on / type ntfs (binary)
|
|
c: on /c type ntfs (binary,user,noumount)
|
|
d: on /d type fat (binary,user,noumount)
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
<para>A given POSIX path may only exist once in the mount table. Attempts to
|
|
replace the mount will fail with a busy error. The <literal>-f</literal>
|
|
(force) option causes the old mount to be silently replaced with the new one,
|
|
provided the old mount point was a user mount point. It's not valid to
|
|
replace system-wide mount points. Additionally, the <literal>-f</literal>
|
|
option will silence warnings about the non-existence of directories at the
|
|
Win32 path location.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <literal>-o</literal> option is the method via which various options about
|
|
the mount point may be recorded. The following options are available (note that
|
|
most of the options are duplicates of other mount flags):</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
acl - Use the filesystem's access control lists (ACLs) to
|
|
implement real POSIX permissions (default).
|
|
binary - Files default to binary mode (default).
|
|
cygexec - Treat all files below mount point as cygwin executables.
|
|
exec - Treat all files below mount point as executable.
|
|
noacl - Ignore ACLs and fake POSIX permissions.
|
|
nosuid - No suid files are allowed (currently unimplemented)
|
|
notexec - Treat all files below mount point as not executable.
|
|
override - Override immutable mount points.
|
|
posix=0 - Switch off case sensitivity for paths under this mount point.
|
|
posix=1 - Switch on case sensitivity for paths under this mount point
|
|
(default).
|
|
text - Files default to CRLF text mode line endings.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>For a more complete description of the mount options and the
|
|
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file, see
|
|
<xref linkend="mount-table"></xref>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that all mount points added with <command>mount</command> are
|
|
user mount points. System mount points can only be specified in
|
|
the <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you added mount points to <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> or your
|
|
<filename>/etc/fstab.d/<username></filename> file, you can add these
|
|
mount points to your current user session using the <literal>-a/--all</literal>
|
|
option, or by specifing the posix path alone on the command line. As an
|
|
example, consider you added a mount point with the POSIX path
|
|
<filename>/my/mount</filename>. You can add this mount point with either
|
|
one of the following two commands to your current user session.</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount /my/mount</userinput>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount -a</userinput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The first command just adds the <filename>/my/mount</filename> mount
|
|
point to your current session, the <command>mount -a</command> adds all
|
|
new mount points to your user session.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you change a mount point to point to another native path, or
|
|
if you changed the flags of a mount point, you have to <command>umount</command>
|
|
the mount point first, before you can add it again. Please note that
|
|
all such added mount points are added as user mount points, and that the
|
|
rule that system mount points can't be removed or replaced in a running
|
|
session still applies.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <literal>-m</literal> option causes the <command>mount</command> utility
|
|
to output the current mount table in a series of fstab entries.
|
|
You can save this output as a backup when experimenting with the mount table.
|
|
Copy the output to <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> to restore the old state.
|
|
It also makes moving your settings to a different machine much easier.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="utils-cygdrive"><title>Cygdrive mount points</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Whenever Cygwin cannot use any of the existing mounts to convert
|
|
from a particular Win32 path to a POSIX one, Cygwin will, instead,
|
|
convert to a POSIX path using a default mount point:
|
|
<filename>/cygdrive</filename>. For example, if Cygwin accesses
|
|
<filename>z:\foo</filename> and the z drive is not currently in the
|
|
mount table, then <filename>z:\</filename> will be accessible as
|
|
<filename>/cygdrive/z</filename>. The <command>mount</command> utility
|
|
can be used to change this default automount prefix through the use of the
|
|
"--change-cygdrive-prefix" option. In the following example, we will
|
|
set the automount prefix to <filename>/mnt</filename>:</para>
|
|
|
|
<example id="utils-cygdrive-ex">
|
|
<title>Changing the default prefix</title>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount --change-cygdrive-prefix /mnt</userinput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that the cygdrive prefix can be set both per-user and system-wide,
|
|
and that as with all mounts, a user-specific mount takes precedence over the
|
|
system-wide setting. The <command>mount</command> utility creates system-wide
|
|
mounts by default if you do not specify a type.
|
|
You can always see the user and system cygdrive prefixes with the
|
|
<literal>-p</literal> option. Using the <literal>--options</literal>
|
|
flag with <literal>--change-cygdrive-prefix</literal> makes all new
|
|
automounted filesystems default to this set of options. For instance
|
|
(using the short form of the command line flags)</para>
|
|
|
|
<example id="utils-cygdrive-ex2">
|
|
<title>Changing the default prefix with specific mount options</title>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount -c /mnt -o binary,noacl</userinput>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
<sect3 id="utils-limitations"><title>Limitations</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Limitations: there is a hard-coded limit of 30 mount
|
|
points. Also, although you can mount to pathnames that do not start
|
|
with "/", there is no way to make use of such mount points.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Normally the POSIX mount point in Cygwin is an existing empty
|
|
directory, as in standard UNIX. If this is the case, or if there is a
|
|
place-holder for the mount point (such as a file, a symbolic link
|
|
pointing anywhere, or a non-empty directory), you will get the expected
|
|
behavior. Files present in a mount point directory before the mount
|
|
become invisible to Cygwin programs.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>It is sometimes desirable to mount to a non-existent directory,
|
|
for example to avoid cluttering the root directory with names
|
|
such as
|
|
<filename>a</filename>, <filename>b</filename>, <filename>c</filename>
|
|
pointing to disks.
|
|
Although <command>mount</command> will give you a warning, most
|
|
everything will work properly when you refer to the mount point
|
|
explicitly. Some strange effects can occur however.
|
|
For example if your current working directory is
|
|
<filename>/dir</filename>,
|
|
say, and <filename>/dir/mtpt</filename> is a mount point, then
|
|
<filename>mtpt</filename> will not show up in an <command>ls</command>
|
|
or
|
|
<command>echo *</command> command and <command>find .</command> will
|
|
not
|
|
find <filename>mtpt</filename>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="passwd"><title>passwd</title>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Usage: passwd [OPTION] [USER]
|
|
Change USER's password or password attributes.
|
|
|
|
User operations:
|
|
-l, --lock lock USER's account.
|
|
-u, --unlock unlock USER's account.
|
|
-c, --cannot-change USER can't change password.
|
|
-C, --can-change USER can change password.
|
|
-e, --never-expires USER's password never expires.
|
|
-E, --expires USER's password expires according to system's
|
|
password aging rule.
|
|
-p, --pwd-not-required no password required for USER.
|
|
-P, --pwd-required password is required for USER.
|
|
-R, --reg-store-pwd enter password to store it in the registry for
|
|
later usage by services to be able to switch
|
|
to this user context with network credentials.
|
|
|
|
System operations:
|
|
-i, --inactive NUM set NUM of days before inactive accounts are disabled
|
|
(inactive accounts are those with expired passwords).
|
|
-n, --minage DAYS set system minimum password age to DAYS days.
|
|
-x, --maxage DAYS set system maximum password age to DAYS days.
|
|
-L, --length LEN set system minimum password length to LEN.
|
|
|
|
Other options:
|
|
-d, --logonserver SERVER connect to SERVER (e.g. domain controller).
|
|
Default server is the local system, unless
|
|
changing the current user, in which case the
|
|
default is the content of $LOGONSERVER.
|
|
-S, --status display password status for USER (locked, expired,
|
|
etc.) plus global system password settings.
|
|
-h, --help output usage information and exit.
|
|
-v, --version output version information and exit.
|
|
|
|
If no option is given, change USER's password. If no user name is given,
|
|
operate on current user. System operations must not be mixed with user
|
|
operations. Don't specify a USER when triggering a system operation.
|
|
|
|
Don't specify a user or any other option together with the -R option.
|
|
Non-Admin users can only store their password if cygserver is running.
|
|
Note that storing even obfuscated passwords in the registry is not overly
|
|
secure. Use this feature only if the machine is adequately locked down.
|
|
Don't use this feature if you don't need network access within a remote
|
|
session. You can delete your stored password by using `passwd -R' and
|
|
specifying an empty password.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para> <command>passwd</command> changes passwords for user accounts.
|
|
A normal user may only change the password for their own account,
|
|
but administrators may change passwords on any account.
|
|
<command>passwd</command> also changes account information, such as
|
|
password expiry dates and intervals.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For password changes, the user is first prompted for their old
|
|
password, if one is present. This password is then encrypted and
|
|
compared against the stored password. The user has only one chance to
|
|
enter the correct password. The administrators are permitted to
|
|
bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The user is then prompted for a replacement password.
|
|
<command>passwd</command> will prompt twice for this replacement and
|
|
compare the second entry against the first. Both entries are required to
|
|
match in order for the password to be changed.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>After the password has been entered, password aging information
|
|
is checked to see if the user is permitted to change their password
|
|
at this time. If not, <command>passwd</command> refuses to change the
|
|
password and exits.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To get current password status information, use the
|
|
<literal>-S</literal> option. Administrators can use
|
|
<command>passwd</command> to perform several account maintenance
|
|
functions (users may perform some of these functions on their own
|
|
accounts). Accounts may be locked with the <literal>-l</literal> flag
|
|
and unlocked with the <literal>-u</literal> flag. Similarly,
|
|
<literal>-c</literal> disables a user's ability to change passwords, and
|
|
<literal>-C</literal> allows a user to change passwords. For password
|
|
expiry, the <literal>-e</literal> option disables expiration, while the
|
|
<literal>-E</literal> option causes the password to expire according to
|
|
the system's normal aging rules. Use <literal>-p</literal> to disable
|
|
the password requirement for a user, or <literal>-P</literal> to require
|
|
a password.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Administrators can also use <command>passwd</command> to change
|
|
system-wide password expiry and length requirements with the
|
|
<literal>-i</literal>, <literal>-n</literal>, <literal>-x</literal>,
|
|
and <literal>-L</literal> options. The <literal>-i</literal>
|
|
option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired
|
|
for a number of days. After a user account has had an expired password
|
|
for <emphasis>NUM</emphasis> days, the user may no longer sign on to
|
|
the account. The <literal>-n</literal> option is
|
|
used to set the minimum number of days before a password may be changed.
|
|
The user will not be permitted to change the password until
|
|
<emphasis>MINDAYS</emphasis> days have elapsed. The
|
|
<literal>-x</literal> option is used to set the maximum number of days
|
|
a password remains valid. After <emphasis>MAXDAYS</emphasis> days, the
|
|
password is required to be changed. Allowed values for the above options
|
|
are 0 to 999. The <literal>-L</literal> option sets the minimum length of
|
|
allowed passwords for users who don't belong to the administrators group
|
|
to <emphasis>LEN</emphasis> characters. Allowed values for the minimum
|
|
password length are 0 to 14. In any of the above cases, a value of 0
|
|
means `no restrictions'.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
All operations affecting the current user are by default run against
|
|
the logon server of the current user (taken from the environment
|
|
variable <envar>LOGONSERVER</envar>. When password or account information
|
|
of other users should be changed, the default server is the local system.
|
|
To change a user account on a remote machine, use the <literal>-d</literal>
|
|
option to specify the machine to run the command against. Note that the
|
|
current user must be a valid member of the administrators group on the remote
|
|
machine to perform such actions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Users can use the <command>passwd -R</command> to enter
|
|
a password which then gets stored in a special area of the registry on the
|
|
local system, which is also used by Windows to store passwords of accounts
|
|
running Windows services. When a privileged Cygwin application calls the
|
|
<command>set{e}uid(user_id)</command> system call, Cygwin checks if a
|
|
password for that user has been stored in this registry area. If so, it
|
|
uses this password to switch to this user account using that password.
|
|
This allows you to logon through, for instance, <command>ssh</command> with
|
|
public key authentication and get a full qualified user token with
|
|
all credentials for network access. However, the method has some
|
|
drawbacks security-wise. This is explained in more detail in
|
|
<xref linkend="ntsec"></xref>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Please note that storing passwords in that registry area is a
|
|
privileged operation which only administrative accounts are allowed to
|
|
do. If normal, non-admin users should be allowed to enter their
|
|
passwords using <command>passwd -R</command>, it's required to run
|
|
<command>cygserver</command> as a service under the LocalSystem account
|
|
before running <command>passwd -R</command>. This only affects storing
|
|
passwords. Using passwords in privileged processes does not require
|
|
<command>cygserver</command> to run.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Limitations: Users may not be able to change their password on
|
|
some systems.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="ps"><title>ps</title>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Usage: ps [-aefls] [-u UID]
|
|
Report process status
|
|
|
|
-a, --all show processes of all users
|
|
-e, --everyone show processes of all users
|
|
-f, --full show process uids, ppids
|
|
-h, --help output usage information and exit
|
|
-l, --long show process uids, ppids, pgids, winpids
|
|
-p, --process show information for specified PID
|
|
-s, --summary show process summary
|
|
-u, --user list processes owned by UID
|
|
-v, --version output version information and exit
|
|
-W, --windows show windows as well as cygwin processes
|
|
With no options, ps outputs the long format by default
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <command>ps</command> program gives the status of all the
|
|
Cygwin processes running on the system (ps = "process status"). Due
|
|
to the limitations of simulating a POSIX environment under Windows,
|
|
there is little information to give.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The PID column is the process ID you need to give to the
|
|
<command>kill</command> command. The PPID is the parent process ID,
|
|
and PGID is the process group ID. The WINPID column is the process
|
|
ID displayed by NT's Task Manager program. The TTY column gives which
|
|
pseudo-terminal a process is running on, or a <literal>'?'</literal>
|
|
for services. The UID column shows which user owns each process.
|
|
STIME is the time the process was started, and COMMAND gives the name
|
|
of the program running. Listings may also have a status flag in
|
|
column zero; <literal>S</literal> means stopped or suspended (in other
|
|
words, in the background), <literal>I</literal> means waiting for
|
|
input or interactive (foreground), and <literal>O</literal> means
|
|
waiting to output.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
By default, <command>ps</command> will only show processes owned by the
|
|
current user. With either the <literal>-a</literal> or <literal>-e</literal>
|
|
option, all user's processes (and system processes) are listed. There are
|
|
historical UNIX reasons for the synonomous options, which are functionally
|
|
identical. The <literal>-f</literal> option outputs a "full" listing with
|
|
usernames for UIDs. The <literal>-l</literal> option is the default display
|
|
mode, showing a "long" listing with all the above columns. The other display
|
|
option is <literal>-s</literal>, which outputs a shorter listing of just
|
|
PID, TTY, STIME, and COMMAND. The <literal>-u</literal> option allows you
|
|
to show only processes owned by a specific user. The <literal>-p</literal>
|
|
option allows you to show information for only the process with the
|
|
specified PID. The <literal>-W</literal>
|
|
option causes <command>ps</command> show non-Cygwin Windows processes as
|
|
well as Cygwin processes. The WINPID is also the PID, and they can be killed
|
|
with the Cygwin <command>kill</command> command's <literal>-f</literal>
|
|
option.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="regtool"><title>regtool</title>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Usage: regtool [OPTION] (add|check|get|list|remove|unset|load|unload|save) KEY
|
|
View or edit the Win32 registry
|
|
|
|
Actions:
|
|
add KEY\SUBKEY add new SUBKEY
|
|
check KEY exit 0 if KEY exists, 1 if not
|
|
get KEY\VALUE prints VALUE to stdout
|
|
list KEY list SUBKEYs and VALUEs
|
|
remove KEY remove KEY
|
|
set KEY\VALUE [data ...] set VALUE
|
|
unset KEY\VALUE removes VALUE from KEY
|
|
load KEY\SUBKEY PATH load hive from PATH into new SUBKEY
|
|
unload KEY\SUBKEY unload hive and remove SUBKEY
|
|
save KEY\SUBKEY PATH save SUBKEY into new hive PATH
|
|
|
|
Options for 'list' Action:
|
|
-k, --keys print only KEYs
|
|
-l, --list print only VALUEs
|
|
-p, --postfix like ls -p, appends '\' postfix to KEY names
|
|
|
|
Options for 'get' Action:
|
|
-b, --binary print REG_BINARY data as hex bytes
|
|
-n, --none print data as stream of bytes as stored in registry
|
|
-x, --hex print numerical data as hex numbers
|
|
|
|
Options for 'set' Action:
|
|
-b, --binary set type to REG_BINARY (hex args or '-')
|
|
-D, --dword-be set type to REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN
|
|
-e, --expand-string set type to REG_EXPAND_SZ
|
|
-i, --integer set type to REG_DWORD
|
|
-m, --multi-string set type to REG_MULTI_SZ
|
|
-n, --none set type to REG_NONE
|
|
-Q, --qword set type to REG_QWORD
|
|
-s, --string set type to REG_SZ
|
|
|
|
Options for 'set' and 'unset' Actions:
|
|
-K<c>, --key-separator[=]<c> set key separator to <c> instead of '\'
|
|
|
|
Other Options:
|
|
-h, --help output usage information and exit
|
|
-q, --quiet no error output, just nonzero return if KEY/VALUE missing
|
|
-v, --verbose verbose output, including VALUE contents when applicable
|
|
-w, --wow64 access 64 bit registry view (ignored on 32 bit Windows)
|
|
-W, --wow32 access 32 bit registry view (ignored on 32 bit Windows)
|
|
-V, --version output version information and exit
|
|
|
|
KEY is in the format [host]\prefix\KEY\KEY\VALUE, where host is optional
|
|
remote host in either \\hostname or hostname: format and prefix is any of:
|
|
root HKCR HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (local only)
|
|
config HKCC HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG (local only)
|
|
user HKCU HKEY_CURRENT_USER (local only)
|
|
machine HKLM HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
|
|
users HKU HKEY_USERS
|
|
|
|
You can use forward slash ('/') as a separator instead of backslash, in
|
|
that case backslash is treated as escape character
|
|
Example: regtool.exe get '\user\software\Microsoft\Clock\iFormat'
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <command>regtool</command> program allows shell scripts
|
|
to access and modify the Windows registry. Note that modifying the
|
|
Windows registry is dangerous, and carelessness here can result
|
|
in an unusable system. Be careful.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>-v</literal> option means "verbose". For most
|
|
commands, this causes additional or lengthier messages to be printed.
|
|
Conversely, the <literal>-q</literal> option supresses error messages,
|
|
so you can use the exit status of the program to detect if a key
|
|
exists or not (for example).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>-w</literal> option allows you to access the 64 bit view
|
|
of the registry. Several subkeys exist in a 32 bit and a 64 bit version
|
|
when running on Windows 64. Since Cygwin is running in 32 bit mode, it
|
|
only has access to the 32 bit view of these registry keys. When using
|
|
the <literal>-w</literal> switch, the 64 bit view is used and
|
|
<command>regtool</command> can access the entire registry.
|
|
This option is simply ignored when running on 32 bit Windows versions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>-W</literal> option allows you to access the 32 bit view
|
|
on the registry. The purpose of this option is mainly for symmetry. It
|
|
permits creation of OS agnostic scripts which would also work in a hypothetical
|
|
64 bit version of Cygwin.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You must provide <command>regtool</command> with an
|
|
<emphasis>action</emphasis> following options (if any). Currently,
|
|
the action must be <literal>add</literal>, <literal>set</literal>,
|
|
<literal>check</literal>, <literal>get</literal>, <literal>list</literal>,
|
|
<literal>remove</literal>, <literal>set</literal>, or <literal>unset</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>add</literal> action adds a new key. The
|
|
<literal>check</literal> action checks to see if a key exists (the
|
|
exit code of the program is zero if it does, nonzero if it does not).
|
|
The <literal>get</literal> action gets the value of a key,
|
|
and prints it (and nothing else) to stdout. Note: if the value
|
|
doesn't exist, an error message is printed and the program returns a
|
|
non-zero exit code. If you give <literal>-q</literal>, it doesn't
|
|
print the message but does return the non-zero exit code.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <literal>list</literal> action lists the subkeys and values
|
|
belonging to the given key. With <literal>list</literal>, the
|
|
<literal>-k</literal> option instructs <command>regtool</command>
|
|
to print only KEYs, and the <literal>-l</literal> option to print
|
|
only VALUEs. The <literal>-p</literal> option postfixes a
|
|
<literal>'/'</literal> to each KEY, but leave VALUEs with no
|
|
postfix. The <literal>remove</literal> action
|
|
removes a key. Note that you may need to remove everything in the key
|
|
before you may remove it, but don't rely on this stopping you from
|
|
accidentally removing too much.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>get</literal> action prints a value within a key.
|
|
With the <literal>-b</literal> option, data is printed as hex bytes.
|
|
<literal>-n</literal> allows to print the data as a typeless stream of
|
|
bytes. Integer values (REG_DWORD, REG_QWORD) are usually printed
|
|
as decimal values. The <literal>-x</literal> option allows to print
|
|
the numbers as hexadecimal values.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>set</literal> action sets a value within a key.
|
|
<literal>-b</literal> means it's binary data (REG_BINARY).
|
|
The binary values are specified as hex bytes in the argument list.
|
|
If the argument is <literal>'-'</literal>, binary data is read
|
|
from stdin instead.
|
|
<literal>-d</literal> or <literal>-i</literal> means the value is a 32 bit
|
|
integer value (REG_DWORD).
|
|
<literal>-D</literal> means the value is a 32 bit integer value in
|
|
Big Endian representation (REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN).
|
|
<literal>-Q</literal> means the value is a 64 bit integer value (REG_QWORD).
|
|
<literal>-s</literal> means the value is a string (REG_SZ).
|
|
<literal>-e</literal> means it's an expanding string (REG_EXPAND_SZ)
|
|
that contains embedded environment variables.
|
|
<literal>-m</literal> means it's a multi-string (REG_MULTI_SZ).
|
|
If you don't specify one of these, <command>regtool</command> tries to
|
|
guess the type based on the value you give. If it looks like a
|
|
number, it's a DWORD, unless it's value doesn't fit into 32 bit, in which
|
|
case it's a QWORD. If it starts with a percent, it's an expanding
|
|
string. If you give multiple values, it's a multi-string. Else, it's
|
|
a regular string.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>unset</literal> action removes a value from a key.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>load</literal> action adds a new subkey and loads
|
|
the contents of a registry hive into it.
|
|
The parent key must be HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE or HKEY_USERS.
|
|
The <literal>unload</literal> action unloads the file and removes
|
|
the subkey.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <literal>save</literal> action saves a subkey into a
|
|
registry hive.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
By default, the last "\" or "/" is assumed to be the separator between the
|
|
key and the value. You can use the <literal>-K</literal> option to provide
|
|
an alternate key/value separator character.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="setfacl"><title>setfacl</title>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Usage: setfacl [-r] (-f ACL_FILE | -s acl_entries) FILE...
|
|
setfacl [-r] ([-d acl_entries] [-m acl_entries]) FILE...
|
|
Modify file and directory access control lists (ACLs)
|
|
|
|
-d, --delete delete one or more specified ACL entries
|
|
-f, --file set ACL entries for FILE to ACL entries read
|
|
from a ACL_FILE
|
|
-m, --modify modify one or more specified ACL entries
|
|
-r, --replace replace mask entry with maximum permissions
|
|
needed for the file group class
|
|
-s, --substitute substitute specified ACL entries for the
|
|
ACL of FILE
|
|
-h, --help output usage information and exit
|
|
-v, --version output version information and exit
|
|
|
|
At least one of (-d, -f, -m, -s) must be specified
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
For each file given as parameter, <command>setfacl</command> will
|
|
either replace its complete ACL (<literal>-s</literal>, <literal>-f</literal>),
|
|
or it will add, modify, or delete ACL entries.
|
|
For more information on Cygwin and Windows ACLs, see
|
|
see <xref linkend="ntsec"></xref> in the Cygwin User's Guide.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Acl_entries are one or more comma-separated ACL entries
|
|
from the following list:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
u[ser]::perm
|
|
u[ser]:uid:perm
|
|
g[roup]::perm
|
|
g[roup]:gid:perm
|
|
m[ask]::perm
|
|
o[ther]::perm
|
|
</screen>
|
|
Default entries are like the above with the additional
|
|
default identifier. For example:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
d[efault]:u[ser]:uid:perm
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<emphasis>perm</emphasis> is either a 3-char permissions string in the form
|
|
"rwx" with the character <literal>'-'</literal> for no permission
|
|
or it is the octal representation of the permissions, a
|
|
value from 0 (equivalent to "---") to 7 ("rwx").
|
|
<emphasis>uid</emphasis> is a user name or a numerical uid.
|
|
<emphasis>gid</emphasis> is a group name or a numerical gid.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The following options are supported:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>-d</literal>
|
|
Delete one or more specified entries from the file's ACL.
|
|
The owner, group and others entries must not be deleted.
|
|
Acl_entries to be deleted should be specified without
|
|
permissions, as in the following list:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
u[ser]:uid
|
|
g[roup]:gid
|
|
d[efault]:u[ser]:uid
|
|
d[efault]:g[roup]:gid
|
|
d[efault]:m[ask]:
|
|
d[efault]:o[ther]:
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>-f</literal>
|
|
Take the Acl_entries from ACL_FILE one per line. Whitespace
|
|
characters are ignored, and the character "#" may be used
|
|
to start a comment. The special filename "-" indicates
|
|
reading from stdin. Note that you can use this with
|
|
<command>getfacl</command> and <command>setfacl</command> to copy
|
|
ACLs from one file to another:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ getfacl source_file | setfacl -f - target_file
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Required entries are:
|
|
one user entry for the owner of the file,
|
|
one group entry for the group of the file, and
|
|
one other entry.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If additional user and group entries are given:
|
|
a mask entry for the file group class of the file, and
|
|
no duplicate user or group entries with the same uid/gid.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If it is a directory:
|
|
one default user entry for the owner of the file,
|
|
one default group entry for the group of the file,
|
|
one default mask entry for the file group class, and
|
|
one default other entry.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>-m</literal>
|
|
Add or modify one or more specified ACL entries. Acl_entries is a
|
|
comma-separated list of entries from the same list as above.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>-r</literal>
|
|
Causes the permissions specified in the mask
|
|
entry to be ignored and replaced by the maximum permissions needed for
|
|
the file group class.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>-s</literal>
|
|
Like <literal>-f</literal>, but substitute the
|
|
file's ACL with Acl_entries specified in a comma-separated list on the
|
|
command line.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
While the <literal>-d</literal> and <literal>-m</literal> options may be used
|
|
in the same command, the <literal>-f</literal> and <literal>-s</literal>
|
|
options may be used only exclusively.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Directories may contain default ACL entries. Files created
|
|
in a directory that contains default ACL entries will have
|
|
permissions according to the combination of the current umask,
|
|
the explicit permissions requested and the default ACL entries
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Limitations: Under Cygwin, the default ACL entries are not taken into
|
|
account currently.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="ssp"><title>ssp</title>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Usage: ssp [options] low_pc high_pc command...
|
|
Single-step profile COMMAND
|
|
|
|
-c, --console-trace trace every EIP value to the console. *Lots* slower.
|
|
-d, --disable disable single-stepping by default; use
|
|
OutputDebugString ("ssp on") to enable stepping
|
|
-e, --enable enable single-stepping by default; use
|
|
OutputDebugString ("ssp off") to disable stepping
|
|
-h, --help output usage information and exit
|
|
-l, --dll enable dll profiling. A chart of relative DLL usage
|
|
is produced after the run.
|
|
-s, --sub-threads trace sub-threads too. Dangerous if you have
|
|
race conditions.
|
|
-t, --trace-eip trace every EIP value to a file TRACE.SSP. This
|
|
gets big *fast*.
|
|
-v, --verbose output verbose messages about debug events.
|
|
-V, --version output version information and exit
|
|
|
|
Example: ssp 0x401000 0x403000 hello.exe
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
SSP - The Single Step Profiler
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Original Author: DJ Delorie
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The SSP is a program that uses the Win32 debug API to run a program
|
|
one ASM instruction at a time. It records the location of each
|
|
instruction used, how many times that instruction is used, and all
|
|
function calls. The results are saved in a format that is usable by
|
|
the profiling program <command>gprof</command>, although
|
|
<command>gprof</command> will claim the values
|
|
are seconds, they really are instruction counts. More on that later.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Because the SSP was originally designed to profile the cygwin DLL, it
|
|
does not automatically select a block of code to report statistics on.
|
|
You must specify the range of memory addresses to keep track of
|
|
manually, but it's not hard to figure out what to specify. Use the
|
|
"objdump" program to determine the bounds of the target's ".text"
|
|
section. Let's say we're profiling cygwin1.dll. Make sure you've
|
|
built it with debug symbols (else <command>gprof</command> won't run)
|
|
and run objdump like this:
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ objdump -h cygwin1.dll
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
It will print a report like this:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
cygwin1.dll: file format pei-i386
|
|
|
|
Sections:
|
|
Idx Name Size VMA LMA File off Algn
|
|
0 .text 0007ea00 61001000 61001000 00000400 2**2
|
|
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE, DATA
|
|
1 .data 00008000 61080000 61080000 0007ee00 2**2
|
|
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
|
|
. . .
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The only information we're concerned with are the VMA of
|
|
the .text section and the VMA of the section after it
|
|
(sections are usually contiguous; you can also add the
|
|
Size to the VMA to get the end address). In this case,
|
|
the VMA is 0x61001000 and the ending address is either
|
|
0x61080000 (start of .data method) or 0x0x6107fa00 (VMA+Size
|
|
method).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
There are two basic ways to use SSP - either profiling a whole
|
|
program, or selectively profiling parts of the program.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To profile a whole program, just run <command>ssp</command> without options.
|
|
By default, it will step the whole program. Here's a simple example, using
|
|
the numbers above:
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ ssp 0x61001000 0x61080000 hello.exe
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
This will step the whole program. It will take at least 8 minutes on
|
|
a PII/300 (yes, really). When it's done, it will create a file called
|
|
"gmon.out". You can turn this data file into a readable report with
|
|
<command>gprof</command>:
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ gprof -b cygwin1.dll
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
The "-b" means 'skip the help pages'. You can omit this until you're
|
|
familiar with the report layout. The <command>gprof</command> documentation
|
|
explains a lot about this report, but <command>ssp</command> changes a few
|
|
things. For example, the first part of the report reports the amount of time
|
|
spent in each function, like this:
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
|
|
% cumulative self self total
|
|
time seconds seconds calls ms/call ms/call name
|
|
10.02 231.22 72.43 46 1574.57 1574.57 strcspn
|
|
7.95 288.70 57.48 130 442.15 442.15 strncasematch
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
The "seconds" columns are really CPU opcodes, 1/100 second per opcode.
|
|
So, "231.22" above means 23,122 opcodes. The ms/call values are 10x
|
|
too big; 1574.57 means 157.457 opcodes per call. Similar adjustments
|
|
need to be made for the "self" and "children" columns in the second
|
|
part of the report.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
OK, so now we've got a huge report that took a long time to generate,
|
|
and we've identified a spot we want to work on optimizing. Let's say
|
|
it's the time() function. We can use SSP to selectively profile this
|
|
function by using OutputDebugString() to control SSP from within the
|
|
program. Here's a sample program:
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
#include <windows.h>
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main()
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{
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time_t t;
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OutputDebugString("ssp on");
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time(&t);
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OutputDebugString("ssp off");
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}
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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Then, add the <literal>-d</literal> option to ssp to default to
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*disabling* profiling. The program will run at full speed until the first
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OutputDebugString, then step until the second.
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You can then use <command>gprof</command> (as usual) to see the performance
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profile for just that portion of the program's execution.
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</para>
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<para>
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There are many options to ssp. Since step-profiling makes your
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program run about 1,000 times slower than normal, it's best to
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understand all the options so that you can narrow down the parts
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of your program you need to single-step.
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</para>
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<para>
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<literal>-v</literal> - verbose. This prints messages about threads
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starting and stopping, OutputDebugString calls, DLLs loading, etc.
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</para>
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<para>
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<literal>-t</literal> and <literal>-c</literal> - tracing.
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With <literal>-t</literal>, *every* step's address is written
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to the file "trace.ssp". This can be used to help debug functions,
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since it can trace multiple threads. Clever use of scripts can match
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addresses with disassembled opcodes if needed. Warning: creates
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*huge* files, very quickly. <literal>-c</literal> prints each address to
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the console, useful for debugging key chunks of assembler. Use
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<literal>addr2line -C -f -s -e foo.exe < trace.ssp > lines.ssp</literal>
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and then <literal>perl cvttrace</literal> to convert to symbolic traces.
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</para>
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<para>
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<literal>-s</literal> - subthreads. Usually, you only need to trace the
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main thread, but sometimes you need to trace all threads, so this enables that.
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It's also needed when you want to profile a function that only a
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subthread calls. However, using OutputDebugString automatically
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enables profiling on the thread that called it, not the main thread.
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</para>
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<para>
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<literal>-l</literal> - dll profiling. Generates a pretty table of how much
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time was spent in each dll the program used. No sense optimizing a function in
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your program if most of the time is spent in the DLL.
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I usually use the <literal>-v</literal>, <literal>-s</literal>, and
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<literal>-l</literal> options:
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<screen>
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$ ssp <literal>-v</literal> <literal>-s</literal> <literal>-l</literal> <literal>-d</literal> 0x61001000 0x61080000 hello.exe
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="strace"><title>strace</title>
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<screen>
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Usage: strace.exe [OPTIONS] <command-line>
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Usage: strace.exe [OPTIONS] -p <pid>
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Trace system calls and signals
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-b, --buffer-size=SIZE set size of output file buffer
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-d, --no-delta don't display the delta-t microsecond timestamp
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-f, --trace-children trace child processes (toggle - default true)
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-h, --help output usage information and exit
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-m, --mask=MASK set message filter mask
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-n, --crack-error-numbers output descriptive text instead of error
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numbers for Windows errors
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-o, --output=FILENAME set output file to FILENAME
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-p, --pid=n attach to executing program with cygwin pid n
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-q, --quiet toggle "quiet" flag. Defaults to on if "-p",
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off otherwise.
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-S, --flush-period=PERIOD flush buffered strace output every PERIOD secs
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-t, --timestamp use an absolute hh:mm:ss timestamp insted of
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the default microsecond timestamp. Implies -d
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-T, --toggle toggle tracing in a process already being
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-u, --usecs toggle printing of microseconds timestamp
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traced. Requires -p <pid>
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-v, --version output version information and exit
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-w, --new-window spawn program under test in a new window
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MASK can be any combination of the following mnemonics and/or hex values
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(0x is optional). Combine masks with '+' or ',' like so:
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--mask=wm+system,malloc+0x00800
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Mnemonic Hex Corresponding Def Description
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=========================================================================
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all 0x00001 (_STRACE_ALL) All strace messages.
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flush 0x00002 (_STRACE_FLUSH) Flush output buffer after each message.
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inherit 0x00004 (_STRACE_INHERIT) Children inherit mask from parent.
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uhoh 0x00008 (_STRACE_UHOH) Unusual or weird phenomenon.
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syscall 0x00010 (_STRACE_SYSCALL) System calls.
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startup 0x00020 (_STRACE_STARTUP) argc/envp printout at startup.
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debug 0x00040 (_STRACE_DEBUG) Info to help debugging.
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paranoid 0x00080 (_STRACE_PARANOID) Paranoid info.
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termios 0x00100 (_STRACE_TERMIOS) Info for debugging termios stuff.
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select 0x00200 (_STRACE_SELECT) Info on ugly select internals.
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wm 0x00400 (_STRACE_WM) Trace Windows msgs (enable _strace_wm).
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sigp 0x00800 (_STRACE_SIGP) Trace signal and process handling.
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minimal 0x01000 (_STRACE_MINIMAL) Very minimal strace output.
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pthread 0x02000 (_STRACE_PTHREAD) Pthread calls.
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exitdump 0x04000 (_STRACE_EXITDUMP) Dump strace cache on exit.
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system 0x08000 (_STRACE_SYSTEM) Serious error; goes to console and log.
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nomutex 0x10000 (_STRACE_NOMUTEX) Don't use mutex for synchronization.
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malloc 0x20000 (_STRACE_MALLOC) Trace malloc calls.
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thread 0x40000 (_STRACE_THREAD) Thread-locking calls.
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</screen>
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<para>The <command>strace</command> program executes a program, and
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optionally the children of the program, reporting any Cygwin DLL output
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from the program(s) to stdout, or to a file with the <literal>-o</literal>
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option. With the <literal>-w</literal> option, you can start an strace
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session in a new window, for example:
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<screen>
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$ strace -o tracing_output -w sh -c 'while true; do echo "tracing..."; done' &
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</screen>
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This is particularly useful for <command>strace</command> sessions that
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take a long time to complete.
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</para>
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<para>
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Note that <command>strace</command> is a standalone Windows program and so does
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not rely on the Cygwin DLL itself (you can verify this with
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<command>cygcheck</command>). As a result it does not understand symlinks.
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This program is mainly useful for debugging the Cygwin DLL itself.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="umount"><title>umount</title>
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|
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<screen>
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Usage: umount.exe [OPTION] [<posixpath>]
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Unmount filesystems
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-h, --help output usage information and exit
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-U, --remove-user-mounts remove all user mounts
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-v, --version output version information and exit
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</screen>
|
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<para>The <command>umount</command> program removes mounts from the
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mount table in the current session. If you specify a POSIX path that
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corresponds to a current mount point, <command>umount</command> will
|
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remove it from the current mount table. Note that you can only remove
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user mount points. The <literal>-U</literal> flag may be used to
|
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specify removing all user mount points from the current user session.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>See <xref linkend="mount-table"></xref> for more information on the mount
|
|
table.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
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|
|
</sect1>
|