680 lines
27 KiB
Plaintext
680 lines
27 KiB
Plaintext
<sect1 id="setup-env"><title>Environment Variables</title>
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<para>
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You may wish to specify settings of several important environment
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variables that affect Cygwin's operation. Some of these settings need
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to be in effect prior to launching the initial Cygwin session (before
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starting your bash shell, for instance). They should therefore be set
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in the Windows environment; all Windows environment variables are
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imported when Cygwin starts. Such settings can be
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placed in a .bat file. An initial file is named Cygwin.bat and is created
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in the Cygwin root directory that you specified during setup. Note that
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the "Cygwin" option of the Start Menu points to Cygwin.bat. Edit
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Cygwin.bat to your liking or create your own .bat files to start
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Cygwin processes.</para>
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<para>
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The <envar>CYGWIN</envar> variable is used to configure many global
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settings for the Cygwin runtime system. Initially you can leave
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<envar>CYGWIN</envar> unset or set it to <literal>tty</literal> (e.g.
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to support job control with ^Z etc...) using a syntax like this in the
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DOS shell, before launching bash.</para>
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<screen>
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<prompt>C:\></prompt> <userinput>set CYGWIN=tty notitle glob</userinput>
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</screen>
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<para>
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For all possible settings of the <envar>CYGWIN</envar> environment variable,
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see <xref linkend="using-cygwinenv"></xref>.
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</para>
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<para>
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Locale support is controlled by the <envar>LANG</envar> and
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<envar>LC_xxx</envar> environment variables. Since Cygwin 1.7.2, all of
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them are honored and have a meaning. For a more detailed description see
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<xref linkend="setup-locale"></xref>.
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</para>
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<para>
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The <envar>PATH</envar> environment variable is used by Cygwin
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applications as a list of directories to search for executable files
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to run. This environment variable is converted from Windows format
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(e.g. <filename>C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows</filename>) to UNIX format
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(e.g., <filename>/cygdrive/c/Windows/system32:/cygdrive/c/Windows</filename>)
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when a Cygwin process first starts.
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Set it so that it contains at least the <filename>x:\cygwin\bin</filename>
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directory where "<filename>x:\cygwin</filename> is the "root" of your
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cygwin installation if you wish to use cygwin tools outside of bash.
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This is usually done by the batch file you're starting your shell with.
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</para>
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<para>
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The <envar>HOME</envar> environment variable is used by many programs to
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determine the location of your home directory and we recommend that it be
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defined. This environment variable is also converted from Windows format
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when a Cygwin process first starts. It's usually set in the shell
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profile scripts in the /etc directory.
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</para>
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<para>
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The <envar>TERM</envar> environment variable specifies your terminal
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type. It is automatically set to <literal>cygwin</literal> if you have
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not set it to something else.
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</para>
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<para>The <envar>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</envar> environment variable is used by
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the Cygwin function <function>dlopen ()</function> as a list of
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directories to search for .dll files to load. This environment variable
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is converted from Windows format to UNIX format when a Cygwin process
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first starts. Most Cygwin applications do not make use of the
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<function>dlopen ()</function> call and do not need this variable.
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</para>
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<para>
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In addition to <envar>PATH</envar>, <envar>HOME</envar>,
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and <envar>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</envar>, there are three other environment
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variables which, if they exist in the Windows environment, are
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converted to UNIX format: <envar>TMPDIR</envar>, <envar>TMP</envar>,
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and <envar>TEMP</envar>. The first is not set by default in the
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Windows environment but the other two are, and they point to the
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default Windows temporary directory. If set, these variables will be
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used by some Cygwin applications, possibly with unexpected results.
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You may therefore want to unset them by adding the following two lines
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to your <filename>~/.bashrc</filename> file:
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<screen>
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unset TMP
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unset TEMP
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</screen>
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This is done in the default <filename>~/.bashrc</filename> file.
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Alternatively, you could set <envar>TMP</envar>
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and <envar>TEMP</envar> to point to <filename>/tmp</filename> or to
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any other temporary directory of your choice. For example:
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<screen>
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export TMP=/tmp
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export TEMP=/tmp
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="setup-maxmem"><title>Changing Cygwin's Maximum Memory</title>
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<para>
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Cygwin's heap is extensible. However, it does start out at a fixed size
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and attempts to extend it may run into memory which has been previously
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allocated by Windows. In some cases, this problem can be solved by
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adding an entry in the either the <literal>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE</literal>
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(to change the limit for all users) or
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<literal>HKEY_CURRENT_USER</literal> (for just the current user) section
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of the registry. </para>
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<para>
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Add the <literal>DWORD</literal> value <literal>heap_chunk_in_mb</literal>
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and set it to the desired memory limit in decimal MB. It is preferred to do
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this in Cygwin using the <command>regtool</command> program included in the
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Cygwin package.
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(For more information about <command>regtool</command> or the other Cygwin
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utilities, see <xref linkend="using-utils"></xref> or use the
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<literal>--help</literal> option of each util.) You should always be careful
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when using <command>regtool</command> since damaging your system registry can
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result in an unusable system. This example sets memory limit to 1024 MB:
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<screen>
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regtool -i set /HKLM/Software/Cygwin/heap_chunk_in_mb 1024
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regtool -v list /HKLM/Software/Cygwin
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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Exit all running Cygwin processes and restart them. Memory can be allocated up
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to the size of the system swap space minus any the size of any running
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processes. The system swap should be at least as large as the physically
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installed RAM and can be modified under the System category of the
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Control Panel.
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</para>
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<para>
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Here is a small program written by DJ Delorie that tests the
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memory allocation limit on your system:
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<screen>
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main()
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{
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unsigned int bit=0x40000000, sum=0;
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char *x;
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while (bit > 4096)
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{
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x = malloc(bit);
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if (x)
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sum += bit;
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bit >>= 1;
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}
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printf("%08x bytes (%.1fMb)\n", sum, sum/1024.0/1024.0);
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return 0;
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}
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</screen>
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You can compile this program using:
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<screen>
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gcc max_memory.c -o max_memory.exe
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</screen>
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Run the program and it will output the maximum amount of allocatable memory.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="setup-locale"><title>Internationalization</title>
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<sect2 id="setup-locale-ov"><title>Overview</title>
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<para>
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Internationalization support is controlled by the <envar>LANG</envar> and
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<envar>LC_xxx</envar> environment variables. You can set all of them
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but Cygwin itself only honors the variables <envar>LC_ALL</envar>,
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<envar>LC_CTYPE</envar>, and <envar>LANG</envar>, in this order, according
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to the POSIX standard. The content of these variables should follow the
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POSIX standard for a locale specifier. The correct form of a locale
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specifier is</para>
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<screen>
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language[[_TERRITORY][.charset][@modifier]]
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</screen>
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<para>"language" is a lowercase two character string per ISO 639-1, or,
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if there is no ISO 639-1 code for the language (for instance, "Lower Sorbian"),
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a three character string per ISO 639-3.</para>
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<para>"TERRITORY" is an uppercase two character string per ISO 3166, charset is
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one of a list of supported character sets. The modifier doesn't matter
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here (though some are recognized, see below). If you're interested in the
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exact description, you can find it in the online publication of the POSIX
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manual pages on the homepage of the
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<ulink url="http://www.opengroup.org/">Open Group</ulink>.</para>
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<para>Typical locale specifiers are</para>
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<screen>
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"de_CH" language = German, territory = Switzerland, default charset
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"fr_FR.UTF-8" language = french, territory = France, charset = UTF-8
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"ko_KR.eucKR" language = korean, territory = South Korea, charset = eucKR
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"syr_SY" language = Syriac, territory = Syria, default charset
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</screen>
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<para>
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If the locale specifier does not follow the above form, Cygwin checks
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if the locale is one of the locale aliases defined in the file
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<filename>/usr/share/locale/locale.alias</filename>. If so, and if
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the replacement localename is supported by the underlying Windows,
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the locale is accepted, too. So, given the default content of the
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<filename>/usr/share/locale/locale.alias</filename> file, the below
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examples would be valid locale specifiers as well.
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</para>
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<screen>
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"catalan" defined as "ca_ES.ISO-8859-1" in locale.alias
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"japanese" defined as "ja_JP.eucJP" in locale.alias
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"turkish" defined as "tr_TR.ISO-8859-9" in locale.alias
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</screen>
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<para>The file <filename>/usr/share/locale/locale.alias</filename> is
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provided by the gettext package under Cygwin.</para>
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<para>
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At application startup, the application's locale is set to the default
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"C" or "POSIX" locale. Under Cygwin 1.7.2 and later, this locale defaults
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to the ASCII character set on the application level. If you want to stick
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to the "C" locale and only change to another charset, you can define this
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by setting one of the locale environment variables to "C.charset". For
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instance</para>
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<screen>
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"C.ISO-8859-1"
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</screen>
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<note><para>The default locale in the absence of the aforementioned locale
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environment variables is "C.UTF-8".</para></note>
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<para>Windows uses the UTF-16 charset exclusively to store the names
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of any object used by the Operating System. This is especially important
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with filenames. Cygwin uses the setting of the locale environment variables
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<envar>LC_ALL</envar>, <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar>, and <envar>LANG</envar>, to
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determine how to convert Windows filenames from their UTF-16 representation
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to the singlebyte or multibyte character set used by Cygwin.</para>
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<para>
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The setting of the locale environment variables at process startup
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is effective for Cygwin's internal conversions to and from the Windows UTF-16
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object names for the entire lifetime of the current process. Changing
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the environment variables to another value changes the way filenames are
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converted in subsequently started child processes, but not within the same
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process.</para>
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<para>
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However, even if one of the locale environment variables is set to
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some other value than "C", this does <emphasis>only</emphasis> affect
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how Cygwin itself converts filenames. As the POSIX standard requires,
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it's the application's responsibility to activate that locale for its
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own purposes, typically by using the call</para>
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<screen>
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setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
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</screen>
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<para>early in the application code. Again, so that this doesn't get
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lost: If the application calls setlocale as above, and there is none
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of the important locale variables set in the environment, the locale
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is set to the default locale, which is "C.UTF-8".</para>
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<para>But what about applications which are not locale-aware? Per POSIX,
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they are running in the "C" or "POSIX" locale, which implies the ASCII
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charset. The Cygwin DLL itself, however, will nevertheless use the locale
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set in the environment (or the "C.UTF-8" default locale) for converting
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filenames etc.</para>
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<para>When the locale in the environment specifies an ASCII charset,
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for example "C" or "en_US.ASCII", Cygwin will still use UTF-8
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under the hood to translate filenames. This allows for easier
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interoperability with applications running in the default "C.UTF-8" locale.
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</para>
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<para>
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Starting with Cygwin 1.7.2, the language and territory are used to
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fetch locale-dependent information from Windows. If the language and
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territory are not known to Windows, the <function>setlocale</function>
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function fails.</para>
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<para>The following modifiers are recognized. Any other modifier is simply
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ignored for now.</para>
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<itemizedlist mark="bullet">
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<listitem><para>
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For locales which use the Euro (EUR) as currency, the modifier "@euro"
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can be added to enforce usage of the ISO-8859-15 character set, which
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includes a character for the "Euro" currency sign.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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The default script used for all Serbian language locales (sr_BA, sr_ME, sr_RS,
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and the deprecated sr_CS and sr_SP) is cyrillic. With the "@latin" modifier
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it gets switched to the latin script with the respective collation behaviour.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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The default charset of the "be_BY" locale (Belarusian/Belarus) is CP1251.
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With the "@latin" modifier it's UTF-8.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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The default charset of the "tt_RU" locale (Tatar/Russia) is ISO-8859-5.
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With the "@iqtelif" modifier it's UTF-8.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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The default charset of the "uz_UZ" locale (Uzbek/Uzbekistan) is ISO-8859-1.
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With the "@cyrillic" modifier it's UTF-8.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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There's a class of characters in the Unicode character set, called the
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"CJK Ambiguous Width Character set". For these characters the width
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returned by the wcwidth/wcswidth function is usually 1. This is often a
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problem in East-Asian languages, which historically use character sets
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in which these characters have a width of 2. By default, the
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wcwidth/wcswidth functions return 1 as the width of these characters,
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except if the language is specifed as "ja" (Japanese), "ko" (Korean), or
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"zh" (Chinese). In these languages wcwidth and wcswidth return 2 for
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these characters. This is not correct in all circumstances, so the user
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of one of these languages can specify the modifier "@cjknarrow", which
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modifies the behaviour of wcwidth/wcswidth to return 1 for the ambiguous
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width characters.
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="setup-locale-how"><title>How to set the locale</title>
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<itemizedlist mark="bullet">
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<listitem><para>
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Assume that you've set one of the aforementioned environment variables to some
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valid POSIX locale value, other than "C" and "POSIX". Assume further that
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you're living in Japan. You might want to use the language code "ja" and the
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territory "JP", thus setting, say, <envar>LANG</envar> to "ja_JP". You didn't
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set a character set, so what will Cygwin use now? Starting with Cygwin 1.7.2,
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the default character set is determined by the default Windows ANSI codepage
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for this language and territory. Cygwin uses a character set which is the
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typical Unix-equivalent to the Windows ANSI codepage. For instance:</para>
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<screen>
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"en_US" ISO-8859-1
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"el_GR" ISO-8859-7
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"pl_PL" ISO-8859-2
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"pl_PL@euro" ISO-8859-15
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"ja_JP" EUCJP
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"ko_KR" EUCKR
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"te_IN" UTF-8
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</screen>
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</listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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You don't want to use the default character set? In that case you have to
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specify the charset explicitly. For instance, assume you're from Japan and
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don't want to use the japanese default charset EUC-JP, but the Windows
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default charset SJIS. What you can do, for instance, is to set the
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<envar>LANG</envar> variable in the <filename>C:\cygwin\Cygwin.bat</filename>
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file which is the batch file to start a Cygwin session from the "Cygwin"
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desktop shortcut.</para>
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<screen>
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@echo off
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C:
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chdir C:\cygwin\bin
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set LANG=ja_JP.SJIS
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bash --login -i
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</screen>
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<note><para>For a list of locales supported by your Windows machine, use the new
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><command>locale -a</command> command, which is part of the Cygwin package.
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For a description see <xref linkend="locale"></xref></para></note>
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<note><para>For a list of supported character sets, see
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<xref linkend="setup-locale-charsetlist"></xref>
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</para></note>
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</listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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Last, but not least, most singlebyte or doublebyte charsets have a big
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disadvantage. Windows filesystems use the Unicode character set in the
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UTF-16 encoding to store filename information. Not all characters
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from the Unicode character set are available in a singlebyte or doublebyte
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charset. While Cygwin has a workaround to access files with unusual
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characters (see <xref linkend="pathnames-unusual"></xref>), a better
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workaround is to use always the UTF-8 character set.i</para>
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<para><emphasis>UTF-8 is the only multibyte character set which can represent
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every Unicode character.</emphasis></para>
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<screen>
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set LANG=es_MX.UTF-8
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</screen>
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<para>For a description of the Unicode standard, see the homepage of the
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<ulink url="http://www.unicode.org/">Unicode Consortium</ulink>.
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="setup-locale-console"><title>The Windows Console character set</title>
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<para>Most of the time the Windows console is used to run Cygwin applications.
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While terminal emulations like <command>xterm</command> or
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<command>mintty</command> have a distinct way to set the character set
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used for in- and output, the Windows console hasn't such a way, since it's
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not an application in its own right.</para>
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<para>This problem is solved in Cygwin as follows. When a Cygwin
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process is started in a Windows console (either explicitly from cmd.exe,
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or implicitly by, for instance, clicking on the Cygwin desktop icon, or
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running the Cygwin.bat file), the Console character set is determined by the
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setting of the aforementioned internationalization environment variables,
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the same way as described in <xref linkend="setup-locale-how"></xref>.
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</para>
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<para>What is that good for? Why not switch the console character set with
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the applications requirements? After all, the application knows if it uses
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localization or not. However, what if a non-localized application calls
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a remote application which itself is localized? This can happen with
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<command>ssh</command> or <command>rlogin</command>. Both commands don't
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have and don't need localization and they never call
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<function>setlocale</function>. Setting one of the internationalization
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environment variable to the same charset as the remote machine before
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starting <command>ssh</command> or <command>rlogin</command> fixes that
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problem.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="setup-locale-problems"><title>Potential Problems when using Locales</title>
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<para>
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You can set the above internationalization variables not only in
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<filename>Cygwin.bat</filename> or in the Windows environment, but also
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in your Cygwin shell on the fly, even switch to yet another character
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set, and yet another. In bash for instance:</para>
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<screen>
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<prompt>bash$</prompt> export LC_CTYPE="nl_BE.UTF-8"
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>However, here's a problem. At the start of the first Cygwin process
|
|
in a session, the Windows environment is converted from UTF-16 to UTF-8.
|
|
The environment is another of the system objects stored in UTF-16 in
|
|
Windows.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>As long as the environment only contains ASCII characters, this is
|
|
no problem at all. But if it contains native characters, and you're planning
|
|
to use, say, GBK, the environment will result in invalid characters in
|
|
the GBK charset. This would be especially a problem in variables like
|
|
<envar>PATH</envar>. To circumvent the worst problems, Cygwin converts
|
|
the <envar>PATH</envar> environment variable to the charset set in the
|
|
environment, if it's different from the UTF-8 charset.</para>
|
|
|
|
<note><para>Per POSIX, the name of an environment variable should only
|
|
consist of valid ASCII characters, and only of uppercase letters, digits, and
|
|
the underscore for maximum portablilty.</para></note>
|
|
|
|
<para>Symbolic links, too, may pose a problem when switching charsets on
|
|
the fly. A symbolic link contains the filename of the target file the
|
|
symlink points to. When a symlink had been created with older versions
|
|
of Cygwin, the current ANSI or OEM character set had been used to store
|
|
the target filename, dependent on the old <envar>CYGWIN</envar>
|
|
environment variable setting <envar>codepage</envar> (see <xref
|
|
linkend="cygwinenv-removed-options"></xref>. If the target filename
|
|
contains non-ASCII characters and you use another character set than
|
|
your default ANSI/OEM charset, the target filename of the symlink is now
|
|
potentially an invalid character sequence in the new character set.
|
|
This behaviour is not different from the behaviour in other Operating
|
|
Systems. So, if you suddenly can't access a symlink anymore which
|
|
worked all these years before, maybe it's because you switched to
|
|
another character set. This doesn't occur with symlinks created with
|
|
Cygwin 1.7 or later. </para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Another problem you might encounter is that older versions of
|
|
Windows did not install all charsets by default. If you are running
|
|
Windows XP or older, you can open the "Regional and Language Options"
|
|
portion of the Control Panel, select the "Advanced" tab, and select
|
|
entries from the "Code page conversion tables" list. The following
|
|
entries are useful to cygwin: 932/SJIS, 936/GBK, 949/EUC-KR, 950/Big5,
|
|
20932/EUC-JP.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="setup-locale-charsetlist"><title>List of supported character sets</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Last but not least, here's the list of currently supported character
|
|
sets. The left-hand expression is the name of the charset, as you would use
|
|
it in the internationalization environment variables as outlined above.
|
|
Note that charset specifiers are case-insensitive. <literal>EUCJP</literal>
|
|
is equivalent to <literal>eucJP</literal> or <literal>eUcJp</literal>.
|
|
Writing the charset in the exact case as given in the list below is a
|
|
good convention, though.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The right-hand side is the number of the equivalent Windows
|
|
codepage as well as the Windows name of the codepage. They are only
|
|
noted here for reference. Don't try to use the bare codepage number or
|
|
the Windows name of the codepage as charset in locale specifiers, unless
|
|
they happen to be identical with the left-hand side. Especially in case
|
|
of the "CPxxx" style charsets, always use them with the trailing "CP".</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This works:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
set LC_ALL=en_US.CP437
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>This does <emphasis>not</emphasis> work:</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
set LC_ALL=en_US.437
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
<para>You can find a full list of Windows codepages on the Microsoft MSDN page
|
|
<ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd317756(VS.85).aspx">Code Page Identifiers</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Charset Codepage
|
|
------------------- -------------------------------------------
|
|
ASCII 20127 (US_ASCII)
|
|
|
|
CP437 437 (OEM United States)
|
|
CP720 720 (DOS Arabic)
|
|
CP737 737 (OEM Greek)
|
|
CP775 775 (OEM Baltic)
|
|
CP850 850 (OEM Latin 1, Western European)
|
|
CP852 852 (OEM Latin 2, Central European)
|
|
CP855 855 (OEM Cyrillic)
|
|
CP857 857 (OEM Turkish)
|
|
CP858 858 (OEM Latin 1 + Euro Symbol)
|
|
CP862 862 (OEM Hebrew)
|
|
CP866 866 (OEM Russian)
|
|
CP874 874 (ANSI/OEM Thai)
|
|
CP932 932 (Shift_JIS, not exactly identical to SJIS)
|
|
CP1125 1125 (OEM Ukraine)
|
|
CP1250 1250 (ANSI Central European)
|
|
CP1251 1251 (ANSI Cyrillic)
|
|
CP1252 1252 (ANSI Latin 1, Western European)
|
|
CP1253 1253 (ANSI Greek)
|
|
CP1254 1254 (ANSI Turkish)
|
|
CP1255 1255 (ANSI Hebrew)
|
|
CP1256 1256 (ANSI Arabic)
|
|
CP1257 1257 (ANSI Baltic)
|
|
CP1258 1258 (ANSI/OEM Vietnamese)
|
|
|
|
ISO-8859-1 28591 (ISO-8859-1)
|
|
ISO-8859-2 28592 (ISO-8859-2)
|
|
ISO-8859-3 28593 (ISO-8859-3)
|
|
ISO-8859-4 28594 (ISO-8859-4)
|
|
ISO-8859-5 28595 (ISO-8859-5)
|
|
ISO-8859-6 28596 (ISO-8859-6)
|
|
ISO-8859-7 28597 (ISO-8859-7)
|
|
ISO-8859-8 28598 (ISO-8859-8)
|
|
ISO-8859-9 28599 (ISO-8859-9)
|
|
ISO-8859-10 - (not available)
|
|
ISO-8859-11 - (not available)
|
|
ISO-8859-13 28603 (ISO-8859-13)
|
|
ISO-8859-14 - (not available)
|
|
ISO-8859-15 28605 (ISO-8859-15)
|
|
ISO-8859-16 - (not available)
|
|
|
|
Big5 950 (ANSI/OEM Traditional Chinese)
|
|
EUCJP or euc-JP 20932 (EUC Japanese)
|
|
EUCKR or euc-KR 949 (EUC Korean)
|
|
GBK 936 (ANSI/OEM Simplified Chinese)
|
|
GEORGIAN-PS - (not available)
|
|
KOI8-R 20866 (KOI8-R Russian Cyrillic)
|
|
KOI8-U 21866 (KOI8-U Ukrainian Cyrillic)
|
|
PT154 - (not available)
|
|
SJIS - (not available, almost, but not exactly CP932)
|
|
TIS620 or TIS-620 874 (ANSI/OEM Thai)
|
|
|
|
UTF-8 or utf8 65001 (UTF-8)
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="setup-files"><title>Customizing bash</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To set up bash so that cut and paste work properly, click on the
|
|
"Properties" button of the window, then on the "Misc" tab. Make sure
|
|
that "QuickEdit mode" and "Insert mode" are checked. These settings
|
|
will be remembered next time you run bash from that shortcut. Similarly
|
|
you can set the working directory inside the "Program" tab. The entry
|
|
"%HOME%" is valid, but requires that you set <envar>HOME</envar> in
|
|
the Windows environment.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Your home directory should contain three initialization files
|
|
that control the behavior of bash. They are
|
|
<filename>.profile</filename>, <filename>.bashrc</filename> and
|
|
<filename>.inputrc</filename>. The Cygwin base installation creates
|
|
stub files when you start bash for the first time.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<filename>.profile</filename> (other names are also valid, see the bash man
|
|
page) contains bash commands. It is executed when bash is started as login
|
|
shell, e.g. from the command <command>bash --login</command>.
|
|
This is a useful place to define and
|
|
export environment variables and bash functions that will be used by bash
|
|
and the programs invoked by bash. It is a good place to redefine
|
|
<envar>PATH</envar> if needed. We recommend adding a ":." to the end of
|
|
<envar>PATH</envar> to also search the current working directory (contrary
|
|
to DOS, the local directory is not searched by default). Also to avoid
|
|
delays you should either <command>unset</command> <envar>MAILCHECK</envar>
|
|
or define <envar>MAILPATH</envar> to point to your existing mail inbox.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<filename>.bashrc</filename> is similar to
|
|
<filename>.profile</filename> but is executed each time an interactive
|
|
bash shell is launched. It serves to define elements that are not
|
|
inherited through the environment, such as aliases. If you do not use
|
|
login shells, you may want to put the contents of
|
|
<filename>.profile</filename> as discussed above in this file
|
|
instead.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
shopt -s nocaseglob
|
|
</screen>
|
|
will allow bash to glob filenames in a case-insensitive manner.
|
|
Note that <filename>.bashrc</filename> is not called automatically for login
|
|
shells. You can source it from <filename>.profile</filename>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<filename>.inputrc</filename> controls how programs using the readline
|
|
library (including <command>bash</command>) behave. It is loaded
|
|
automatically. For full details see the <literal>Function and Variable
|
|
Index</literal> section of the GNU <systemitem>readline</systemitem> manual.
|
|
Consider the following settings:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
# Ignore case while completing
|
|
set completion-ignore-case on
|
|
# Make Bash 8bit clean
|
|
set meta-flag on
|
|
set convert-meta off
|
|
set output-meta on
|
|
</screen>
|
|
The first command makes filename completion case insensitive, which can
|
|
be convenient in a Windows environment. The next three commands allow
|
|
<command>bash</command> to display 8-bit characters, useful for
|
|
languages with accented characters. Note that tools that do not use
|
|
<systemitem>readline</systemitem> for display, such as
|
|
<command>less</command> and <command>ls</command>, require additional
|
|
settings, which could be put in your <filename>.bashrc</filename>:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
alias less='/bin/less -r'
|
|
alias ls='/bin/ls -F --color=tty --show-control-chars'
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|