* cygwin.din (getxattr, listxattr, removexattr, setxattr, lgetxattr,
llistxattr, lremovexattr, lsetxattr, fgetxattr, flistxattr,
fremovexattr, fsetxattr): Export Linux extended attribute functions.
Sort.
* errno.cc (errmap): Add mappings for ERROR_EAS_DIDNT_FIT,
ERROR_EAS_NOT_SUPPORTED, ERROR_EA_LIST_INCONSISTENT,
ERROR_EA_TABLE_FULL, ERROR_FILE_CORRUPT, ERROR_INVALID_EA_NAME.
* fhandler.h (class fhandler_base): Declare new fgetxattr and
fsetxattr methods.
(class fhandler_disk_file): Ditto.
* fhandler.cc (fhandler_base::fgetxattr): New method.
(fhandler_base::fsetxattr): New method.
* fhandler_disk_file.cc (fhandler_disk_file::fgetxattr): New method.
(fhandler_disk_file::fsetxattr): New method.
* ntdll.h (STATUS_EA_TOO_LARGE): Define.
(STATUS_NONEXISTENT_EA_ENTRY): Define.
(STATUS_NO_EAS_ON_FILE): Define.
* ntea.cc (read_ea): Rewrite for long pathnames and for using with
Linux extended attribute functions.
(write_ea): Ditto.
(getxattr_worker): New static function.
(getxattr): New function.
(lgetxattr): New function.
(fgetxattr): New function.
(listxattr): New function.
(llistxattr): New function.
(flistxattr): New function.
(setxattr_worker): New static function.
(setxattr): New function.
(lsetxattr): New function.
(fsetxattr): New function.
(removexattr): New function.
(lsetxattr): New function.
(fsetxattr): New function.
* security.h (read_ea): Change declaration according to above changes.
(write_ea): Ditto.
* include/cygwin/version.h: Bump API minor version.
read/write of handle is connected to a tty or console.
* fhandler_dsp.cc (fhandler_dev_dsp::dup): Set open flags correctly
after duplicating from archetype.
* fhandler_tty.cc (fhandler_tty_slave::dup): Ditto.
(fhandler_pty_master::dup): Ditto.
* Makefile.in (CYGWIN_OBJS): Remove smallprint.o.
(cygserver.exe): Remove strfuncs.o
(strfuncs.o): Drop rule.
* bsd_log.cc (_vlog): Use snprintf/vsnprintf instead of
__small_sprintf/__small_vsprintf.
* sysv_sem.cc (seminit): Use sys_malloc instead of malloc. Use
snprintf instead of __small_sprintf.
(semunload): Free the above allocated sema_mtx names here.
truncated multibyte characters on input.
(fhandler_console::write_replacement_char): Declare new method.
* fhandler_console.cc (CONVERT_LIMIT): Raise to 64K.
(fhandler_console::fhandler_console): Initialize trunc_buf.
(ERR): Define as independent value again.
(fhandler_console::write_replacement_char): New method to print
replacement chars.
(fhandler_console::write_normal): Add handling for truncated multibyte
sequences. Call next_char instead of pathetic CharNextExA function.
Don't change src, rather just work with found later on.
* miscfuncs.cc (is_cp_multibyte): Move here from strfuncs.cc.
Don't call Windows function, restrict to well-known ANSI/OEM codepages
and UTF-8.
(next_char): Call CharNextExA only for doublebyte codepages.
Implement for UTF-8 here.
* strfuncs.cc (is_cp_multibyte): Move to miscfuncs.cc.
* winsup.h (next_char): Declare.
* include/limits.h (MB_LEN_MAX): Set to maximum value of MB_CUR_MAX
as defined by newlib for now.
(CharNextExA): Define.
* environ.cc (codepage_init): Un-static. Set active_codepage to
active codepage. Default to ansi regardless of buf pointer.
* fhandler.h (dev_console::get_console_cp): New method.
(dev_console::con_to_str): Change declaration according to new
implementation.
(dev_console::str_to_con): Ditto.
* fhandler_console.cc (cp_convert): Remove.
(dev_console::con_to_str): Redefine to take WCHAR as incoming console
char.
(dev_console::get_console_cp): Return correct codepage according to
alternate_charset_active setting.
(dev_console::str_to_con): Redefine to create WCHAR buffer for console
output.
(fhandler_console::read): Read console input as WCHARs.
(base_chars): Fix typo in comment.
(fhandler_console::char_command): Save and restore console output
buffer using UNICODE functions.
(fhandler_console::write_normal): Convert to write output in UNICODE.
Use CharNextExA to recognize multibyte characters in input. Workaround
problem with UTF-8 and MultiByteToWideChar. Simplify the loop for
printing "normal" characters.
* strfuncs.cc (active_codepage): New variable to store active codepage.
(get_cp): Call codepage_init() if active_codepage is uninitialized.
Just return active_codepage.
(is_cp_multibyte): New function.
* winsup.h (active_codepage): Declare.
(codepage_init): Declare.
(is_cp_multibyte): Declare.
codepage.
* environ.cc (set_file_api_mode): Always set file api to ANSI if not
using the OEM codepage.
(codepage_init): Allow "utf8" codepage.
* fhandler_clipboard.cc (set_clipboard): Convert clipbuf to void and
cast as needed. Always convert input to wide char and write
CF_UNICODETEXT to clipboard.
(fhandler_dev_clipboard::read): Read CF_UNICODETEXT from clipboard and
convert to current codepage if CYGWIN_NATIVE format is not available.
* fhandler_console.cc: Drop redundant undef.
* smallprint.cc (__small_vsprintf): Convert PWCHAR and UNICODE_STRING
to current codepage for printing.
* strfuncs.cc: Use PWCHAR throughout.
(get_cp): Return CP_UTF8 for utf8_cp codepage setting.
(sys_wcstombs): Allow NULL target buffer.
(sys_wcstombs_alloc): New function.
(sys_mbstowcs_alloc): Ditto.
* winsup.h (codepage_type): Add utf8_cp.
(HEAP_NOTHEAP): Define.
(sys_wcstombs_alloc): Declare.
(sys_mbstowcs_alloc): Declare.
(cwdstuff::get_handle): New method.
* path.cc (cwdstuff::set): When doit is true, always try to get
directory handle. Fail if duplicating handle fails. Store handle
in dir. Fix potential SEGV when setting drive_length.
* path.cc (struct smb_extended_info): Define.
(fs_info::update): Request object id info to get Samba information.
Set flags according to new implementation.
* path.h (struct fs_info): Add samba_version to status_flags.
Implement flags() and samba_version() using IMPLEMENT_STATUS_FLAG.
first. Load kernel32.dll earlier. Make osname a buffer. Simplify
Non-NT code. Use GetProductInfo in Vista/2008 case. Clean up
non-Vista version info. Exit early if not on NT.
* bloda.cc (pNtQuerySystemInformation): Add.
(pRtlAnsiStringToUnicodeString): Add.
(get_process_list): Use function pointers for NT functions.
(dump_dodgy_apps): Skip dodgy app check on non-NT platforms.
Use GetProcAddress for NT-specific functions.
(POSIX_NAMED_PIPE_LEN): Ditto.
(dtable::add_archetype): Use crealloc_abort.
(dtable::init_std_file_from_handle): Specifically detect pipe stdin/stdout.
Pass name to build_fh_dev so that proper name is recorded. Use binmode of fh
if it is set before using get_default_mode. Set proper read/write access when
calling init().
(handle_to_fn): Handle pipes.
* fhandler.cc (fhandler_base::wait_overlapped): Add some debugging.
* fhandler.h (fhandler_base::set_name): Default to just setting the path_conv
name.
(fhandler_pipe::init): Declare.
* pipe.cc (struct pipesync): New struct.
(getov_result): New function. Blocks and retrieves the result of an overlay
I/O operation.
(pipe_handler): New function.
(pipesync::pipesync): New function. Initializer for pipesync struct.
(handler_pipe::init): Define. Detects attempts to set up a "native" pipe
fhandler and creates a thread which accepts input from or output to the
non-cygwin pipe, creating a cygwin pipe wrapper around the non-cygwin pipe.
(fhandler_pipe::create): Add pipe-specific flags to call to init().
* exceptions.cc (ctrl_c_handler): Lock process while we determine what to do.
(initial_env): Use small_printf's %P specifier.
* dll_init.cc (dll_list::alloc): Use PATH_MAX instead of CYG_MAX_PATH
for path name buffer size.
* dll_init.h (struct dll): Ditto.
* environ.cc: Include string.h.
(win_env::add_cache): Use temporary local buffer for path conversion.
(posify): Ditto.
* exceptions.cc (try_to_debug): Use CreateProcessW to allow long path
names.
* miscfuncs.cc: Drop unused implementations of strcasematch and
strncasematch.
(ch_case_eq): Drop.
(strcasestr): Drop.
(cygwin_wcscasecmp): New function.
(cygwin_wcsncasecmp): New function.
(cygwin_strcasecmp): New function.
(cygwin_strncasecmp): New function.
(cygwin_wcslwr): New function.
(cygwin_wcsupr): New function.
(cygwin_strlwr): New function.
(cygwin_strupr): New function.
* ntdll.h (RtlDowncaseUnicodeString): Declare.
(RtlUpcaseUnicodeString): Declare.
(RtlInt64ToHexUnicodeString): Fix typo in comment.
* string.h: Disable not NLS aware implementations of strcasematch
and strncasematch.
(cygwin_strcasecmp): Declare.
(strcasecmp): Define as cygwin_strcasecmp.
(cygwin_strncasecmp): Declare.
(strncasecmp): Define as cygwin_strncasecmp.
(strcasematch):Define using cygwin_strcasecmp.
(strncasematch):Define using cygwin_strncasecmp.
(cygwin_strlwr): Declare.
(strlwr): Define as cygwin_strlwr.
(cygwin_strupr): Declare.
(strupr): Define as cygwin_strupr.
* wchar.h: New file.
* wincap.cc (wincapc::init): Use "NT" as fix OS string.
* winsup.h (strcasematch): Drop declaration.
(strncasematch): Ditto.
(strcasestr): Ditto.
(main): Set file name buffer size to PATH_MAX. Use progname or
progname_long member of struct external_pinfo dependent of the value of
the struct's version member.
name buffer size.
(dll_crt0_1): Allocate new_argv0 with PATH_MAX size.
* exceptions.cc (debugger_command): Set size to 2 * PATH_MAX + 20;
(error_start_init): Use PATH_MAX instead of CYG_MAX_PATH for path
name buffer size.
* external.cc (fillout_pinfo): Always fill out ep.progname 0-terminated.
Fill out ep.progname_long.
* fhandler_process.cc (fhandler_process::fill_filebuf): Allocate
buffer for executable filename with PATH_MAX size.
* pinfo.cc: Throughout use PATH_MAX instead of CYG_MAX_PATH.
* pinfo.h (class _pinfo): Set progname size to PATH_MAX.
* smallprint.cc: Include limits.h. Use PATH_MAX instead of CYG_MAX_PATH
for path name buffer size.
* strace.cc (strace::vsprntf): Ditto.
* include/sys/cygwin.h (EXTERNAL_PINFO_VERSION_32_LP): Define.
(EXTERNAL_PINFO_VERSION): Set to EXTERNAL_PINFO_VERSION_32_LP.
(struct external_pinfo): Add progname_long member.
* include/sys/dirent.h: Correctly include limits.h instead of
sys/limits.h.
CYG_MAX_PATH for event name buffer size.
(fhandler_pty_master::setup): Use MAX_PATH instead of CYG_MAX_PATH for
mutex name buffer size.
* netdb.cc: Drop old comment.
(open_system_file): Set path buffer size to MAX_PATH instead of
CYG_MAX_PATH. Drop conversion to posix path. Open file using win32
path.
Fix typo in ChangeLog.
throughout for subkey name buffer size.
* fhandler_socket.cc (search_wsa_event_slot): Use MAX_PATH instead of
CYG_MAX_PATH for mutext name buffer size.
(fhandler_socket::init_events): Ditto.
* fhandler_virtual.cc (fhandler_virtual::opendir): Check path length
against PATH_MAX instead of against CYG_MAX_PATH.
* registry.cc (get_registry_hive_path): Use PATH_MAX instead of
CYG_MAX_PATH for registry value path buffer size.
* shared.cc (open_shared): Use MAX_PATH instead of CYG_MAX_PATH
for shared memory name buffer size.
* thread.cc (semaphore::semaphore): Use MAX_PATH instead of CYG_MAX_PATH
for semaphore name buffer size.
* uinfo.cc (cygheap_user::env_userprofile): Use PATH_MAX instead of
CYG_MAX_PATH for temporary path name buffer size.
* winf.h (LINE_BUF_CHUNK): Define as MAX_PATH * 2.
* include/sys/dirent.h: Include sys/limits.h. Define name buffer sizes
using NAME_MAX.
buffer size.
(fhandler_fifo::fstatvfs): Use same technique as in fhandler_socket.
* fhandler_proc.cc (format_proc_partitions): Use NAME_MAX+1 for
device name buffer size. Use MAX_PATH for device path buffer size.
GetModuleFileNameExA.
* fhandler_process.cc (format_process_maps): Change modname type to
WCHAR. Set buffer sizes to PATH_MAX. Call GetModuleFileNameExW
instead of GetModuleFileNameExA. Call mount_info::conv_to_posix_path
instead of cygwin_conv_to_full_posix_path. Set posix_modname to
modname if that call fails.
(format_process_stat): Set cmd buffer size to NAME_MAX + 1. Simplify
setting cmd to process name.
(format_process_status): Ditto.
* path.cc (mount_info::conv_to_posix_path): Call sys_wcstombs
correctly.
CYG_MAX_PATH.
* fhandler_tty.cc (fhandler_pty_master::ptsname): Set buffer size to
TTY_NAME_MAX.
* syscalls.cc (ttyname): Eliminate the `+ 1' from the name buffer size
since TTY_NAME_MAX already counts the trailing NUL.
* libc/bsdlib.cc (openpty): Set pts buffer size to TTY_NAME_MAX.
handling. Use explicit flag values instead of MSG_WINMASK.
(fhandler_socket::send_internal): Use explicit flag values instead of
MSG_WINMASK.
* include/cygwin/socket.h (MSG_WINMASK): Remove definition.
(MSG_WAITALL): Define.
the prefix len in it.
(check_path): Take length parameter. Use this length insetad of
calling strlen. Allow PATH_MAX length paths.
(ipc_mutex_init): Use MAX_PATH instead of CYG_MAX_PATH.
(ipc_cond_init): Ditto.
(shm_open): Allocate local name buffer not bigger than necessary. Call
check_path with additional length argument.
(shm_unlink): Ditto.
(mq_open): Ditto.
(mq_unlink): Ditto.
(sem_open): Ditto.
(sem_unlink): Ditto.
cmalloced linked lists throughout.
(class mmap_record): Add LIST_ENTRY element.
(mmap_record::match): New method, taking over match algorithm from
list::search_record.
(class mmap_list): Rename from class list. Add LIST_ENTRY. Convert
recs to a LIST_HEAD. Drop nrecs and maxrecs members.
(mmap_list::get_record): Drop entirely.
(mmap_list::free_recs): Drop entirely.
(mmap_list::del_record): Take mmap_record to delete as parameter.
(mmap_list::search_record): Convert to mmap_record::match.
(class mmap_areas): Rename from class map. Convert lists to LIST_HEAD.
(mmap_areas::get_list): Drop entirely.
(mmap_areas::del_list): Take mmap_list to delete as parameter.
(mprotect): Fix indentation.
(struct shm_shmid_list): Add ref_count member.
(struct shm_attached_list): Remove hdl and size members. Add a parent
member pointing to referenced shm_shmid_list entry.
(shm_guard): New muto.
(SLIST_LOCK): Define.
(SLIST_UNLOCK): Define.
(fixup_shms_after_fork): Use hdl and size members of parent
shm_shmid_list entry.
(shmat): Access sequential bookkeeping lists in a thread safe way.
Accommodate change in list element layout. Align comments.
(shmctl): Ditto.
(shmdt): Ditto.
(shmget): Ditto.
bool parameter.
* cygserver.conf: Add a description for the kern.ipc.shm_allow_removed
parameter.
* sysv_shm.cc (shminit): Set shm_allow_removed variable according to
kern.ipc.shm_allow_removed setting.
(get_cygdrive_prefixes): Remove.
(cygwin_internal): Call get_cygdrive_info with NULL flag parameters
instead of get_cygdrive_prefixes.
* path.cc (mount_info::get_cygdrive_info): Allow NULL flag parameters.
get_initial, and fixup_after_exec declarations.
Convert win32 to UNICODE_STRING.
(cwdstuff::get_drive): Convert win32 path in current codepage.
(cwdstuff::set): Take native NT path.
* ntdll.h (struct _TEB): Typedef.
* path.cc (mount_info::conv_to_posix_path): Add variant taking
wide char DOS paths.
(symlink_info::posixify): Simplify concatenating cwd and relative path.
(hash_path_name): Drop special relative path handling.
(chdir): Drop special "drive only" handling. Call cwdstuff::set with
native path.
(cwdstuff::get_hash): Remove.
(windows_system_directory): Remove.
(_upp): Remove.
(get_user_proc_parms): Make inline. Get PEB pointer by calling
NtCurrentTeb.
(cwdstuff::init): Simplify.
(cwdstuff::set): Rework to handle incoming native NT path. Workaround
a Vista problem with CWD handle in the user process parameter block.
(cwdstuff::get): Simplify locking. Accommodate type change of win32.
* shared_info.h (mount_info): Add declaration for new conv_to_posix_path
method.
* strfuncs.cc (sys_wcstombs): Return correct length of created
multi-byte string.
(off_current): New static variable.
(off_append): Ditto.
(fhandler_base::raw_write): Use NtWriteFile. Accommodate O_APPEND here.
(fhandler_base::write): Drop O_APPEND hack. Use NT functions.
(fhandler_base::lseek): Rewrite using NT functions.
* fhandler_disk_file.cc (fhandler_disk_file::fstatvfs): Add space in
debug output.
(fhandler_disk_file::ftruncate): Ditto.
* ntdll.h (STATUS_DISK_FULL): Define.
(FILE_USE_FILE_POINTER_POSITION): Define.
(FILE_WRITE_TO_END_OF_FILE): Define.
* path.cc (symlink_info::check_shortcut): Use NT function to get file
size. Reintroduce checking file size before reading it. Eliminiate
close_it label.
(symlink_info::check_sysfile): Check for EOF condition.
be able to keep SYMLINK_MAX sized strings.
(symlink_worker): Rework for long path names. When writing windows
shortcuts, store pathname additionally "hidden" after the actual
shortcut data to workaround size limitations of the description field.
(symlink_info::check_shortcut): Drop file name parameter. Drop max
file size check. Use NT functions. Use appended full path if
available, description otherwise. Check symlink string length for
not exceeding SYMLINK_MAX. Don't close file here.
(symlink_info::check_sysfile): Drop file name parameter. Use NT
functions. Check symlink string length for not exceeding SYMLINK_MAX.
Don't close file here.
(symlink_info::check_reparse_point): Drop file name parameter. Drop
useless length checks. Allow SYMLINK_MAX length symlink strings.
Don't close file here.
(symlink_info::posixify): Allow SYMLINK_MAX length symlink strings.
(symlink_info::check): Turn around checking for symlink file attributes.
Use NT functions. Close symlink file here.
* include/limits.h (PATH_MAX): Define as 32760. Change comment.
(SYMLINK_MAX): Define as PATH_MAX - 1.
too. Don't write to file and especially don't close handle if file
couldn't be created. Set delete disposition if writing failed,
instead of calling unlink_nt.
* include/io.h (__finddata64_t, __wfinddata64_t): changed member 'size'
from '_fsize_t' to '__int64' to be consistent with the other ...64
structures and the value set there is 8 bytes not 4. Add guard for both
as the are only used by functions available from 6.1 on.
* include/malloc.h (_HEAP_MAXREQ): Define.
(_aligned_offset_recalloc): Define.
(_aligned_recalloc()): Define.
* include/math.h: fixed a typo in a comment.
(atanhf): Fixed declaration.
* include/wchar.h (__wfinddata64_t): changed member 'size' from '_fsize_t'
to '__int64' to be consistent with the other ...64 structures and the value
set there is 8 bytes not 4. Added guard as this function is only used by
functions available from 6.1 on.
* include/sys/stat.h: some members of 'stat' were declared with types with
a prefixed underscore, while the ones without the underscore should have
been used. Added guard to '__stat64' as it is only used by functions
available from 6.1 on. Added the wide character versions of the
exec()/spawn() family for completion
(_stati64): changed the type of the 'st_mode' member from 'unsigned int' to
'_mode_t'
* include/sys/timeb.h (timeb, _timb): changed the type of the 'time' member
from 'long' to 'time_t'
(__timeb64): moved declaration of structure directly before the declaration
of the function '_ftime64()', so it is guarded as well
* include/sys/utime.h (__utimbuf64): moved declaration of structure directly
before the declaration of the functions using it, so it is guarded as well
2007-09-24 David C. Daeschler <daveregs@rsaisp.com>
* mingwex/gdtoa/mingw_snprintf.c (x_sprintf): Correct LEN_L typo in 'l'
case. Add missing break in 's'/LEN_S case.
(mmap64): ...define as local pointer to make mmap thread-safe.
Accommodate throughout. Only initialize fh_disk_file after file could
be opened with GENERIC_EXECUTE access. Call fstat_by_handle instead of
fstat to avoid overhead.
(NtQueryAttributesFile): Move to maintain alphabetical order of
declarations. Add comment to note that timestamp information returned
by NtQueryAttributesFile is unreliable.
* path.h (etc::changed_h): Move here.
(etc::fn): Change type to OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES.
(etc::last_modified): Change type to LARGE_INTEGER.
(etc::init): Take PUNICODE_STRING as second argument.
* path.cc: Accomodate above changes.
(etc::test_file_change): Use NT native functions.
(etc::dir_changed): Ditto.
* uinfo.cc (pwdgrp::load): Call etc::init with NT native path.
(CreateDesktopA): Define.
(SetThreadDesktop): Define.
* spawn.cc (spawn_guts): When starting a process under another user
account, don't open up permissions on current window station and
desktop. Instead, if not in interactive session, create a new per-user
window station plus default desktop and use that for the child process.
mode bit by setting the SYSTEM attribute.
* fhandler_socket.cc (fhandler_socket::fchmod): Add S_IFSOCK mode bit
when calling fhandler_disk_file::fchmod. Don't set attributes here.
(RtlUpcaseUnicodeChar): Declare.
* path.cc (hash_path_name): Split into three functions, taking
the path as char *, PWCSTR, or PUNICODE_STRING. Move implementation
into PUNICODE_STRING-based function. Drop old drive-relative path
consideration.
* winsup.h (iswdirsep): Like isdirsep but for WCHARs.
(isabspath_u): Like isabspath, for PUNICODE_STRINGs.
(iswabspath): Like isabspath, for PWCHARs.
(hash_path_name): Add new declarations.
have no native NT path representation for simplified debug output.
* syscalls.cc: Convert debug output to print native NT path.
(unlink): Drop redundant debug output.
* fhandler_disk_file.cc (fhandler_disk_file::link): Drop extern
declaration of stat_suffixes. Use NT native path in debug output.
(fhandler_base::utimes_fs): Simplify closeit case. Use close_fs
to close newly opened file handle.
(fhandler_base::open_fs): Use NT native path in debug output.
* path.cc: Throughout drop extern declaration of stat_suffixes.
* path.h (stat_suffixes): Declare.
* sec_acl.cc (acl_worker): Drop extern declaration of stat_suffixes.
* times.cc (utimes_worker): Take path_conv as parameter instead of
single-byte pathnam, drop nofollow argument, accommodate throughout.
Compare UNICODE paths when enumerating file descriptors. Fix
formatting. Use NT native path in debug output.
* delqueue.cc: Delete.
* fhandler.h (fhandler_base::close_fs): Drop declaration.
(fhandler_disk_file::close): Drop declaration.
* fhandler_disk_file.cc (fhandler_base::fstat_fs): Call close instead of
close_fs.
(fhandler_base::fstat_helper): Use open FH_UNIX handle in call to
get_file_attribute.
(fhandler_base::open_fs): Call close instead of get_file_attribute.
(fhandler_disk_file::close): Remove.
(fhandler_base::close_fs): Remove.
* fhandler_socket.cc (fhandler_socket::close): Just call
fhandler_base::close for FH_UNIX sockets.
* shared.cc (user_shared_initialize): Drop call to
user_shared->delqueue.init.
* shared_info.h (CURR_USER_MAGIC): Change according to below change.
(MAX_DELQUEUES_PENDING): Remove.
(class delqueue_list): Remove.
(class user_info): Remove delqueue.
* syscalls.cc (close_all_files): Drop call to
user_shared->delqueue.process_queue.
(unlink): Drop delqueue handling.