From f92a4c5d2da377513f59b59290638b7a40cf38ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Szabolcs Nagy Date: Wed, 5 Sep 2018 12:15:55 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] Document the log table generation method Add comments with enough detail so the log lookup tables can be recreated. --- newlib/libm/common/log2_data.c | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ newlib/libm/common/log_data.c | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ newlib/libm/common/pow_log_data.c | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 74 insertions(+) diff --git a/newlib/libm/common/log2_data.c b/newlib/libm/common/log2_data.c index ee9efcc2a..f13e0c2f5 100644 --- a/newlib/libm/common/log2_data.c +++ b/newlib/libm/common/log2_data.c @@ -66,6 +66,32 @@ const struct log2_data __log2_data = { 0x1.a6225e117f92ep-3, #endif }, +/* Algorithm: + + x = 2^k z + log2(x) = k + log2(c) + log2(z/c) + log2(z/c) = poly(z/c - 1) + +where z is in [1.6p-1; 1.6p0] which is split into N subintervals and z falls +into the ith one, then table entries are computed as + + tab[i].invc = 1/c + tab[i].logc = (double)log2(c) + tab2[i].chi = (double)c + tab2[i].clo = (double)(c - (double)c) + +where c is near the center of the subinterval and is chosen by trying +-2^29 +floating point invc candidates around 1/center and selecting one for which + + 1) the rounding error in 0x1.8p10 + logc is 0, + 2) the rounding error in z - chi - clo is < 0x1p-64 and + 3) the rounding error in (double)log2(c) is minimized (< 0x1p-68). + +Note: 1) ensures that k + logc can be computed without rounding error, 2) +ensures that z/c - 1 can be computed as (z - chi - clo)*invc with close to a +single rounding error when there is no fast fma for z*invc - 1, 3) ensures +that logc + poly(z/c - 1) has small error, however near x == 1 when +|log2(x)| < 0x1p-4, this is not enough so that is special cased. */ .tab = { #if N == 64 {0x1.724286bb1acf8p+0, -0x1.1095feecdb000p-1}, diff --git a/newlib/libm/common/log_data.c b/newlib/libm/common/log_data.c index 26b9c3f44..27753c2cf 100644 --- a/newlib/libm/common/log_data.c +++ b/newlib/libm/common/log_data.c @@ -110,6 +110,32 @@ const struct log_data __log_data = { 0x1.2493c29331a5cp-3, #endif }, +/* Algorithm: + + x = 2^k z + log(x) = k ln2 + log(c) + log(z/c) + log(z/c) = poly(z/c - 1) + +where z is in [1.6p-1; 1.6p0] which is split into N subintervals and z falls +into the ith one, then table entries are computed as + + tab[i].invc = 1/c + tab[i].logc = (double)log(c) + tab2[i].chi = (double)c + tab2[i].clo = (double)(c - (double)c) + +where c is near the center of the subinterval and is chosen by trying +-2^29 +floating point invc candidates around 1/center and selecting one for which + + 1) the rounding error in 0x1.8p9 + logc is 0, + 2) the rounding error in z - chi - clo is < 0x1p-66 and + 3) the rounding error in (double)log(c) is minimized (< 0x1p-66). + +Note: 1) ensures that k*ln2hi + logc can be computed without rounding error, +2) ensures that z/c - 1 can be computed as (z - chi - clo)*invc with close to +a single rounding error when there is no fast fma for z*invc - 1, 3) ensures +that logc + poly(z/c - 1) has small error, however near x == 1 when +|log(x)| < 0x1p-4, this is not enough so that is special cased. */ .tab = { #if N == 64 {0x1.7242886495cd8p+0, -0x1.79e267bdfe000p-2}, diff --git a/newlib/libm/common/pow_log_data.c b/newlib/libm/common/pow_log_data.c index 9b94f5e4b..b5d78e065 100644 --- a/newlib/libm/common/pow_log_data.c +++ b/newlib/libm/common/pow_log_data.c @@ -50,6 +50,28 @@ const struct pow_log_data __pow_log_data = { -0x1.0002b8b263fc3p-3 * -8, #endif }, +/* Algorithm: + + x = 2^k z + log(x) = k ln2 + log(c) + log(z/c) + log(z/c) = poly(z/c - 1) + +where z is in [0x1.69555p-1; 0x1.69555p0] which is split into N subintervals +and z falls into the ith one, then table entries are computed as + + tab[i].invc = 1/c + tab[i].logc = round(0x1p43*log(c))/0x1p43 + tab[i].logctail = (double)(log(c) - logc) + +where c is chosen near the center of the subinterval such that 1/c has only a +few precision bits so z/c - 1 is exactly representible as double: + + 1/c = center < 1 ? round(N/center)/N : round(2*N/center)/N/2 + +Note: |z/c - 1| < 1/N for the chosen c, |log(c) - logc - logctail| < 0x1p-97, +the last few bits of logc are rounded away so k*ln2hi + logc has no rounding +error and the interval for z is selected such that near x == 1, where log(x) +is tiny, large cancellation error is avoided in logc + poly(z/c - 1). */ .tab = { #if N == 128 #define A(a,b,c) {a,0,b,c},